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Five distinct trajectories of parental social support were identified with differentiated risk across maltreatment indicators (i.e., observed harsh parenting behavior and child protective services [CPS] contact). Compared to parents with \u201cHigh Support\u201d (66%), parents with \u201cRecovering Support\u201d (7%) demonstrated significantly greater harsh parenting behaviors. Parents with \u201cLow to High Support\u201d (6%) and \u201cLow Support\u201d (7%) were significantly more likely to experience CPS contact. Parents with \u201cDecreasing Support\u201d (14%) demonstrated both significantly greater harsh parenting behaviors and were more likely to experience CPS contact. These findings underscore the need for time-sensitive, dynamic approaches to assessing protective factors and maltreatment risk, ensuring that interventions are targeted toward parents most likely to benefit from preventive support.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/10775595261470428","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T04:49:32Z","timestamp":1784695772000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Longitudinal Patterns of Social Support Among Low-Income Parents: Implications for Child Maltreatment Risk"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9247-6513","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olivia D.","family":"Chang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Michigan"},{"name":"University of Michigan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02294359"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_1","volume-title":"Auxiliary variables in mixture modeling: A 3-step approach using Mplus (MPlus web notes 15)","author":"Asparouhov T.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Asparouhov T., Muth\u00e9n B. 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