{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T17:37:27Z","timestamp":1788543447041,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,14]],"date-time":"2015-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1436832000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Violence Against Women"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Policy makers and academics often contend that organizational anarchy permits soldiers to perpetrate sexual violence. A recent United Nations report supports this thesis especially with regard to the massive sexual abuse in the Congolese civil war. We challenge the anarchy argument and maintain, based on a principal\u2013agent framework, that opportunistic military commanders can order their soldiers to rape through the use of sanctions and rewards. Our qualitative and quantitative analysis of a survey of 96 Congolese ex-soldiers shows that ordered rape is more likely in organizations where soldiers fear punishment and in which commanders distribute drugs as stimulants.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1077801215593645","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,14]],"date-time":"2015-07-14T21:20:46Z","timestamp":1436908846000},"page":"1341-1363","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Ordered Rape"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Gerald","family":"Schneider","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Konstanz, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lilli","family":"Banholzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Mannheim, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Albarracin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Konstanz, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1077801215593645","first-page":"109","volume-title":"The African stakes of the Congo War","author":"Afoaku O.","year":"2007"},{"key":"bibr2-1077801215593645","unstructured":"Allen Karen 2007. 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