{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T22:27:27Z","timestamp":1777933647938,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,16]],"date-time":"2021-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634342400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Violence Against Women"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This study investigates the influence of traumatic events on the mental health of North Korean refugee women by examining the prevalence and severity of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and anxiety in comparison with their male counterparts (women\u2009=\u2009496; men\u2009=\u2009131). Our results suggest that women are at greater risk of developing mental health problems than men. In particular, symptoms of PTSD and anxiety were higher among women who experienced forced repatriation to North Korea, which is operationalized as a constellation of gendered traumatic incidents such as sexual abuse, rape, witnessing infanticides, and forced abortion. The policy implications of our results and suggestions for future studies are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/10778012211032706","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,16]],"date-time":"2021-10-16T06:02:22Z","timestamp":1634364142000},"page":"2424-2447","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Violence Against North Korean Refugee Women: Doubly Victimized By Repatriation and Premigration Traumatic Experiences"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3283-5016","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eunyoung","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Police Administration and Criminal Justice, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangneug, South Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Minwoo","family":"Yun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Police Science and Security Studies, Gachon University, Seongnam, South Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cordula","family":"von Denkowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Studiendekanin Abteilung Soziale Arbeit, Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-10778012211032706","volume-title":"Criminological theories: Introduction, evaluation, and application","author":"Akers R. 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(2019). Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Democratic People\u2019s Republic of Korea. Report No. A\/74\/275 submitted pursuant to General Assembly resolution 73\/180 (2 August 2019)."},{"key":"bibr46-10778012211032706","unstructured":"von Denkowski C. A. (2019). State security and secret policing in North Korea: An interdisciplinary study on state criminality and formal social control. Frankfurt: Verlag f\u00fcr Polizeiwissenschaft"},{"key":"bibr47-10778012211032706","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/cbs0000056"},{"key":"bibr48-10778012211032706","first-page":"178","volume-title":"Crime and punishment around the world: Asia and Pacific","volume":"3","author":"Yun M.","year":"2010"},{"key":"bibr49-10778012211032706","first-page":"10","author":"Yun M.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma"}],"container-title":["Violence Against Women"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/10778012211032706","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/10778012211032706","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/10778012211032706","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T01:54:57Z","timestamp":1777686897000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/10778012211032706"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,16]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/10778012211032706"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/10778012211032706","relation":{},"ISSN":["1077-8012","1552-8448"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1077-8012","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-8448","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,16]]}}}