{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T22:26:51Z","timestamp":1777933611631,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"12-13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,3]],"date-time":"2021-12-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638489600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000155","name":"Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Insight Grant #435-2017-1289"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Insight Grant #435-2017-1289"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000155","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Violence Against Women"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Sexual exploitation and abuse (SEA) of women and girls by United Nations (UN) peacekeepers is an international concern. However, the typical binary measurement of SEA (indicating that it occurred, or it did not) disregards varying exposure levels and the complex circumstances surrounding the interaction. To address this gap, we constructed an index to quantify the degree to which local women and girls were exposed to UN-peacekeeper perpetrated SEA. Using survey data ( n\u2009=\u20092867) from the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), eight indicators were identified using a combination of qualitative (thematic analysis of narrative data) and quantitative variables. With further development, this index may offer a more comprehensive and nuanced perspective of peacekeeper-perpetrated SEA that can better inform SEA prevention and intervention efforts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/10778012211045713","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,3]],"date-time":"2021-12-03T12:52:00Z","timestamp":1638535920000},"page":"3215-3241","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Development of an Index to Measure the Exposure Level of UN Peacekeeper-Perpetrated Sexual Exploitation\/Abuse in Women\/Girls in the Democratic Republic of Congo"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2058-7262","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samantha","family":"Gray","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health Sciences, Queen\u2019s University, Kingston, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Heather","family":"Stuart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health Sciences, Queen\u2019s University, Kingston, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sabine","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of History, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, England"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susan A","family":"Bartels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health Sciences, Department of Emergency Medicine, Queen\u2019s University, Kingston, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-10778012211045713","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10402659.2011.596078"},{"key":"bibr2-10778012211045713","volume-title":"The practice of social research","author":"Babbie E. R.","year":"2012","edition":"13"},{"key":"bibr3-10778012211045713","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.110.2.305"},{"key":"bibr4-10778012211045713","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12187-010-9075-1"},{"key":"bibr5-10778012211045713","unstructured":"Cognitive Edge. (2020). What is Sensemaker\n                      \u00ae\n                      . Retrieved from https:\/\/sensemaker.cognitive-edge.com\/what-is-sensemaker\/."},{"key":"bibr6-10778012211045713","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1525822X10388468"},{"key":"bibr7-10778012211045713","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838018821956"},{"key":"bibr8-10778012211045713","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60963-6"},{"key":"bibr9-10778012211045713","author":"Heise L.","year":"2012","journal-title":"PhD thesis"},{"key":"bibr10-10778012211045713","unstructured":"Heise L., Hossain M. (2017). STRIVE Intimate Partner Violence Measurement Brief, (July), 1\u20138."},{"issue":"5","key":"bibr11-10778012211045713","first-page":"1","author":"Higate P.","year":"2003","journal-title":"American Sexuality Magazine"},{"key":"bibr12-10778012211045713","unstructured":"Human Rights Watch. (2001).\n                      Human Rights Watch Goma Telephone Interview October 26\n                      . Goma."},{"key":"bibr13-10778012211045713","unstructured":"Human Rights Watch. (2002).\n                      The war within the war: Sexual violence against women and girls in Eastern Congo\n                      . Human Rights Watch. 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(2012).\n                      Regulation of sexual misconduct in UN peacekeeping operations\n                      . Springer Science & Business Media.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-28484-7"},{"key":"bibr33-10778012211045713","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13533312.2014.938581"},{"key":"bibr34-10778012211045713","volume-title":"Health measurement scales: A practical guide to their development and use","author":"Steiner D.","year":"2014","edition":"5"},{"key":"bibr35-10778012211045713","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.09.023"},{"key":"bibr36-10778012211045713","unstructured":"Strive (n.d.). Transactional sex and HIV. 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