{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T13:59:50Z","timestamp":1790949590564,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":115,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,27]],"date-time":"2022-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651017600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Violence Against Women"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Ending violence against women\u2014part of the priority theme of the CSW65\u2014is an international human rights issue. We must prevent and combat violence against all women, including those who are incarcerated worldwide. Incarcerated women are among the most marginalized populations; they have suffered numerous victimizations without ever seeing their perpetrators brought to justice. Though most incarcerated women have committed non-violent offenses, they are locked away in prisons, far away from their loved ones, and subject to inhumane conditions. According to international human rights law, preventing VAW is the responsibility of the State in all contexts, including prisons. In this article, we acknowledge the global treatment of women in prison as a form of State violence against women and provide policy reform for incarcerated women worldwide. We propose four strategies to reform women's incarceration worldwide: (1) recognizing and dismantling systemic and institutionalized discrimination and biases; (2) abolition of prison sentences for non-violent offenders; (3) restorative approaches to aftercare (or reentry); and (4) making children the priority.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/10778012221085997","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,27]],"date-time":"2022-04-27T14:43:04Z","timestamp":1651070584000},"page":"1788-1808","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["A Global View of Women, Prison, and Aftercare: A Call for Reform"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8849-1673","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dawn","family":"Beichner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Criminal Justice Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, IL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Otmar","family":"Hagemann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sociology and Social Work, Fachhochschule Kiel, Kiel, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-10778012221085997","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1462474517697295"},{"key":"bibr2-10778012221085997","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022167820930556"},{"key":"bibr3-10778012221085997","volume-title":"The new Jim Crow: Mass incarceration in the age of colorblindness, 10th anniversary edition","author":"Alexander M","year":"2020"},{"key":"bibr4-10778012221085997","unstructured":"Alfons\u00edn J., Contreras Ruvalcaba G., Cuevas K., Garc\u00eda Castro T., Santos M., Vera Morales A. (2020).\n                      Trans women deprived of liberty: Invisible stories behind bars\n                      . http:\/\/files.idpc.net\/library\/Trans-Women-Deprived-of-Liberty.pdf"},{"key":"bibr5-10778012221085997","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10130950.2015.1129091"},{"key":"bibr6-10778012221085997","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01419870.2017.1346267"},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr7-10778012221085997","first-page":"351","volume":"111","author":"Bagaric M.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Criminal Law & Criminology"},{"key":"bibr8-10778012221085997","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10612-020-09516-2"},{"key":"bibr9-10778012221085997","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203726440"},{"key":"bibr10-10778012221085997","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5565\/rev\/papers.2336"},{"key":"bibr11-10778012221085997","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08974454.2019.1657550"},{"key":"bibr12-10778012221085997","first-page":"327","volume-title":"Macrovictimizaci\u00f3n, abuso de poder y victimolog\u00eda: Impactos intergeneracionales","author":"Beichner D.","year":"2021"},{"key":"bibr13-10778012221085997","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-28424-8_4"},{"key":"bibr14-10778012221085997","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10612-014-9253-4"},{"key":"bibr15-10778012221085997","volume-title":"The invisible woman: Gender, crime, and justice","author":"Belknap J","year":"2021","edition":"5"},{"key":"bibr16-10778012221085997","volume-title":"Meeting the needs of women in California's county justice systems: A toolkit for policymakers and practitioners","author":"Bloom B.","year":"2015"},{"key":"bibr17-10778012221085997","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01612840.2019.1565872"},{"key":"bibr18-10778012221085997","unstructured":"Child Welfare Information Gateway. (2015).\n                      Child welfare practice with families affected by parental incarceration\n                      . https:\/\/www.childwelfare.gov\/pubs\/parental-incarceration\/"},{"key":"bibr19-10778012221085997","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.bjc.a046783"},{"key":"bibr20-10778012221085997","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-020-05968-y"},{"key":"bibr21-10778012221085997","unstructured":"Council of Europe. (2018).\n                      Promoting more humane and socially effective penal sanctions. Adoption by the Committee of Ministers of the Recommendation CM\/Rec(2018) 8 concerning restorative justice in criminal matters\n                      . https:\/\/rm.coe.int\/09000016808e35f3"},{"key":"bibr22-10778012221085997","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780429425035"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr23-10778012221085997","first-page":"161","volume":"44","author":"Dangaran D. 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A.","year":"2001"},{"key":"bibr30-10778012221085997","unstructured":"Elderbroom B., Bennett L., Gong S., Rose F., Towns Z. (2018).\n                      Every second: The impact of the incarceration crisis on America\u2019s families\n                      . https:\/\/everysecond.fwd.us\/"},{"key":"bibr31-10778012221085997","volume-title":"Research report\u2014Addressing trauma and victimization in women\u2019s prisons: Trauma-informed victim services and programs for incarcerated women","author":"Ervin S.","year":"2020"},{"key":"bibr32-10778012221085997","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/fcre.12327"},{"key":"bibr33-10778012221085997","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-658-28809-9"},{"key":"bibr34-10778012221085997","unstructured":"Ghoshal N. (2021).\n                      In Cameroon transgender women given five-years in prison: Release trans women, end anti-LGBT persecution\n                      . 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(2018, May 14).\n                      U.S. Bureau of Prisons policy change endangers transgender prisoners: Transgender prisoners face alarming rates of abuse in detention\n                      . https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/news\/2018\/05\/14\/us-bureau-prisons-policy-change-endangers-transgender-prisoners"},{"key":"bibr45-10778012221085997","unstructured":"Human Rights Watch. (2020a, February 7).\n                      Mauritania: Prison terms for men celebrating birthday: Prosecutor accused them of \u201cimitating women.\u201d\n                      https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/news\/2020\/02\/07\/mauritania-prison-terms-men-celebrating-birthday"},{"key":"bibr46-10778012221085997","unstructured":"Human Rights Watch. (2020b, April 3).\n                      Turkey: COVID-19 puts sick prisoners at grave risk: Offer most vulnerable inmates alternatives to prison\n                      . https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/news\/2020\/04\/03\/turkey-covid-19-puts-sick-prisoners-grave-risk"},{"key":"bibr47-10778012221085997","unstructured":"Human Rights Watch. (2020c, April 5).\n                      Cambodia: Prisons potential COVID-19 epicenters: Reduce overcrowding by releasing low-risk and vulnerable prisoners\n                      . https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/news\/2020\/04\/05\/cambodia-prisons-potential-covid-19-epicenters"},{"key":"bibr48-10778012221085997","unstructured":"Human Rights Watch. (2020d, April 28).\n                      Philippines: Prison deaths unreported amid pandemic: Reduce prisoner populations to address severe health concerns\n                      . https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/news\/2020\/04\/28\/philippines-prison-deaths-unreported-amid-pandemic"},{"key":"bibr49-10778012221085997","unstructured":"Human Rights Watch. (2020e, May 27).\n                      Covid-19 prisoner releases too few, too slow: Known releases approximately 5% of global prison population\n                      . https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/news\/2020\/05\/27\/covid-19-prisoner-releases-too-few-too-slow"},{"key":"bibr50-10778012221085997","unstructured":"Human Rights Watch. (2021, May 13).\n                      Thailand: COVID-19 outbreaks in prison: Accelerated releases; improve protection, medical care in detention facilities\n                      . https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/news\/2021\/05\/13\/thailand-covid-19-outbreaks-prisons"},{"key":"bibr51-10778012221085997","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-010-1079-5"},{"key":"bibr52-10778012221085997","unstructured":"International Conference on Penal Abolition. (2021).\n                      About ICOPA\n                      . https:\/\/www.actionicopa.org\/"},{"key":"bibr53-10778012221085997","unstructured":"International Drug Policy Consortium. (2021). Retrieved July 8, 2021, from https:\/\/idpc.net\/"},{"key":"bibr54-10778012221085997","volume-title":"Law and crime","author":"Johnstone G.","year":"2010"},{"key":"bibr55-10778012221085997","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2018.08.005"},{"key":"bibr56-10778012221085997","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2019.06.012"},{"key":"bibr57-10778012221085997","volume-title":"Women\u2019s pathways to jail: Examining mental health, trauma, and substance use","author":"Lynch S.M.","year":"2012"},{"key":"bibr58-10778012221085997","unstructured":"Manson J. (2020, April).\n                      Surviving a pandemic when your loved one is in prison\n                      . The Appeal. https:\/\/theappeal.org\/surviving-a-pandemic-when-your-loved-one-is-in-prison\/"},{"key":"bibr59-10778012221085997","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-55747-2_48"},{"issue":"5","key":"bibr60-10778012221085997","first-page":"1156","volume":"62","author":"McLeod A. M.","year":"2015","journal-title":"UCLA Law Review"},{"key":"bibr61-10778012221085997","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0032885519852091"},{"key":"bibr62-10778012221085997","first-page":"16","volume":"205","author":"Moylan M. P.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prison Service Journal"},{"key":"bibr63-10778012221085997","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/lhb0000354"},{"key":"bibr64-10778012221085997","volume-title":"M\u0101ori pathways for w\u0101hine","author":"New Zealand Department of Corrections","year":"2021"},{"key":"bibr65-10778012221085997","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2020.305707"},{"key":"bibr66-10778012221085997","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0886109915595190"},{"key":"bibr67-10778012221085997","unstructured":"Owen B. (2021).\n                      Women face unique harms from solitary confinement\n                      . Vera Institute of Justice. https:\/\/www.vera.org\/blog\/addressing-the-overuse-of-segregation-in-u-s-prisons-and-jails\/women-face-unique-harms-from-solitary-confinement"},{"key":"bibr68-10778012221085997","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1462474508095317"},{"key":"bibr69-10778012221085997","unstructured":"Penal Reform International. (2020).\n                      Global prison trends 2020\n                      . https:\/\/www.penalreform.org\/resource\/global-prison-trends-2020\/"},{"key":"bibr300-10778012221085997","unstructured":"Prison Reform Trust. (2011).\n                      Reforming women\u2019s justice: Final report of the Women\u2019s Justice Taskforce.\n                      http:\/\/www.prisonreformtrust.org.uk\/Portals\/0\/Documents\/Women%27s%20Justice%20Taskforce%20Report.pdf"},{"key":"bibr70-10778012221085997","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2019.05.029"},{"key":"bibr71-10778012221085997","first-page":"191","volume-title":"Transformative Justice: Critical and peacemaking themes influenced by Richard Quinney","author":"Radosh P. 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(2020, April 16).\n                      Coronavirus is a ticking time bomb for Australia\u2019s prisons: Prisoners with disabilities face particular hardship\n                      . https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/news\/2020\/04\/16\/coronavirus-ticking-time-bomb-australias-prisons"},{"key":"bibr81-10778012221085997","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1477370814525936"},{"key":"bibr82-10778012221085997","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10612-018-09427-3"},{"key":"bibr83-10778012221085997","volume-title":"Restorative justice: The evidence","author":"Sherman L.","year":"2007"},{"key":"bibr84-10778012221085997","first-page":"263","volume-title":"Penal theory and practice","author":"Sim J.","year":"1994"},{"key":"bibr85-10778012221085997","volume-title":"Punishment and prisons","author":"Sim J.","year":"2009"},{"key":"bibr86-10778012221085997","unstructured":"Sinclair-Webb E. (2020, March).\n                      Turkey should protect all prisoners from pandemic: Early release program should seek to lower threat of coronavirus for all prisoners\n                      . https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/news\/2020\/03\/23\/turkey-should-protect-all-prisoners-pandemic"},{"key":"bibr87-10778012221085997","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199669394.003.0004"},{"key":"bibr88-10778012221085997","volume-title":"Overlooked: Women and jails in an era of reform","author":"Swavola E.","year":"2016"},{"key":"bibr89-10778012221085997","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0002716214526345"},{"key":"bibr90-10778012221085997","unstructured":"The M\u0101ori Women\u2019s Welfare League. (2021).\n                      The M\u0101ori Women\u2019s Welfare League\n                      . Retrieved July 6, 2021, from http:\/\/mwwl.org.nz\/"},{"key":"bibr91-10778012221085997","unstructured":"The Marshall Project. (2020, September).\n                      A state-by-state look at coronavirus in prisons\n                      . https:\/\/ww.themarshallproject.org\/2020\/05\/01\/a-state-by-state-look-at-coronavirus-in-prisons"},{"key":"bibr92-10778012221085997","unstructured":"The Pacific Women\u2019s Watch New Zealand. (2021).\n                      The Pacific Women\u2019s Watch New Zealand\n                      . Retrieved July 6, 2021, from https:\/\/www.pacificwomenswatch.org.nz\/"},{"key":"bibr93-10778012221085997","volume-title":"Incarcerated women and girls","author":"The Sentencing Project","year":"2019"},{"key":"bibr94-10778012221085997","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/20504721.2016.1197528"},{"key":"bibr95-10778012221085997","first-page":"279","volume-title":"Routledge international handbook of restorative justice","author":"Toews B.","year":"2019"},{"key":"bibr96-10778012221085997","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/foc.2018.0007"},{"key":"bibr97-10778012221085997","volume-title":"United Nations standard minimum rules for the treatment of prisoners (Mandela rules)","author":"United Nations.","year":"2015"},{"key":"bibr150-10778012221085997","unstructured":"United Nations. (2021). Kyoto Declaration on Advancing Crime Prevention, Criminal Justice and The Rule of Law: Towards the Achievement of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. 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(June 2021b).\n                      Report A\/HRC\/47\/53: Agenda towards transformative change for racial justice and equality\n                      . https:\/\/www.ohchr.org\/EN\/Issues\/Racism\/Pages\/Call-Implementation-HRC-Resolution-43-1.aspx"},{"key":"bibr98-10778012221085997","unstructured":"United Nations Secretariat (2010, October 6). United Nations rules for the treatment of women prisoners and non-custodial measures for women offenders (the Bangkok Rules): Note\/by the secretariat (A\/C.3\/65\/L.5). United Nations."},{"key":"bibr102-10778012221085997","volume-title":"Review of the Federal Bureau of Prisons\u2019 management of its female inmate populations","author":"United States Department of Justice.","year":"2018"},{"key":"bibr103-10778012221085997","volume-title":"Colorizing restorative justice: Voicing our realities","author":"Valandra E. 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(2020, June).\n                      Failing grades: States\u2019 responses to COVID-19 in jails & prisons\n                      . https:\/\/www.prisonpolicy.org\/reports\/failing_grades.html"},{"key":"bibr110-10778012221085997","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/epirev\/mxx013"},{"key":"bibr111-10778012221085997","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0011128720974316"},{"key":"bibr112-10778012221085997","unstructured":"World Health Organization. (2020, March 15).\n                      Preparedness, prevention and control of COVID-19 in prisons and other places of detention, 15 March 2020\n                      . World Health Organization\/Europe. 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Washington Office on Latin America. https:\/\/www.wola.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Final-Women-Behind-Bars-Report.pdf"}],"container-title":["Violence Against Women"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/10778012221085997","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/10778012221085997","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/10778012221085997","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T01:55:27Z","timestamp":1777686927000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/10778012221085997"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,27]]},"references-count":115,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/10778012221085997"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/10778012221085997","relation":{},"ISSN":["1077-8012","1552-8448"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1077-8012","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-8448","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,27]]}}}