{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T22:36:10Z","timestamp":1789425370434,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,27]],"date-time":"2022-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651017600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Violence Against Women"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This article is intended to support discussions about how to effectively address domestic and sexual violence. It proposes the following key strategies: expanding beyond police, courts, and prisons; adopting upstream approaches to address the social, structural, institutional, and historical drivers of violence; and using evidence-based strategies to prevent violence from happening in the first place. Comparing the United States, South Africa, India, and Brazil, the article makes the case that advocates working to address domestic and sexual violence have relied too heavily on criminal legal sanctions. Not only does this result in unmet needs of both survivors and their communities but it also expands the repressive powers of police and prosecutors and contributes to steadily growing levels of incarceration. The article concludes by calling for services that better meet the needs of survivors and for the rapid scale-up of prevention strategies, both evidence-based interventions and legal and policy approaches that address the root causes of men's violence.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/10778012221086002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,27]],"date-time":"2022-04-27T14:35:19Z","timestamp":1651070119000},"page":"1890-1907","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Moving Beyond a Reliance on Criminal Legal Strategies to Address the Root Causes of Domestic and Sexual Violence"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Dean","family":"Peacock","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Women\u2019s International League for Peace and Freedom, Geneva, Switzerland and University of Cape Town School of Public Health, Cape Town, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-10778012221086002","unstructured":"Agent of Change. (2019). Bring back the death penalty petition. https:\/\/www.change.org\/p\/south-african-government-bring-back-the-death-sentence-in-sa-for-crimes-against-women"},{"key":"bibr2-10778012221086002","volume-title":"The new Jim Crow: Mass incarceration in the age of colorblindness","author":"Alexander M.","year":"2020","edition":"2"},{"key":"bibr3-10778012221086002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17265\/2159-5313\/2016.09.003"},{"issue":"11","key":"bibr4-10778012221086002","first-page":"139","volume":"4","author":"Alves de Ara\u00fajo Lima L.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Nursing Refer\u00eancia"},{"key":"bibr5-10778012221086002","volume-title":"Charged: The new movement to transform American prosecution and end mass incarceration","author":"Bazelon E.","year":"2019"},{"key":"bibr6-10778012221086002","unstructured":"BBC. (2019, December 2). Jaya Bachchan: India MP calls for \"lynching\" of Hyderabad rapists. https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-asia-india-50627430"},{"key":"bibr7-10778012221086002","first-page":"327","volume-title":"Macrovictimizaci\u00f3n, abuso de poder y victimolog\u00eda: Impactos intergeneracionales","author":"Beichner D.","year":"2021"},{"key":"bibr8-10778012221086002","unstructured":"Carlson C., Ikenberg C., Vargas L. (2018).\n                      Breaking the cycle of intergenerational violence: The promise of psychosocial interventions to address children\u2019s exposure to violence\n                      . Promundo-US and Sonke Gender Justice."},{"key":"bibr9-10778012221086002","unstructured":"Cerqueira D., Bueno S., Sergio de Lima R., Neme C., Ferreira H., Palmieri Alves P., Marques D., Reis M., Cypriano O., Sobral I., Pacheco D., Lins G., Armstrong K. (2019).\n                      Atlas da viol\u00eancia 2019\n                      . 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Feminist call to action: Use your power to help create the world of our dreams.\n                      Daily Maverick\n                      . https:\/\/www.dailymaverick.co.za\/article\/2021-08-09-feminist-call-to-action-use-your-power-to-help-create-the-world-of-our-dreams\/"},{"issue":"3","key":"bibr13-10778012221086002","first-page":"487","volume":"17","author":"Condon M.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Georgetown Journal on Poverty Law & Policy"},{"key":"bibr14-10778012221086002","volume-title":"Mapping study of civil society in the human rights and social justice sectors in South Africa","author":"Costantini G.","year":"2017"},{"key":"bibr15-10778012221086002","unstructured":"Cox Media Group. (2020, September 21). Rapists will face castration, death penalty under new Nigerian state law.\n                      Kiro\n                      . https:\/\/www.kiro7.com\/news\/trending\/rapists-will-face-castration-death-penalty-under-new-nigerian-state-law\/7DSW5QBOKZCW5AXHBGW4DUKCAU\/"},{"key":"bibr16-10778012221086002","volume-title":"Abolition Now! Ten years of strategy and struggle against the prison industrial complex","author":"CR10 Publications Collective","year":"2008"},{"key":"bibr17-10778012221086002","unstructured":"Commission on the Status of Women Sixty-Fifth Session. (2021).\n                      Women's full and effective participation and decision-making in public life, as well as the elimination of violence, for achieving gender equality and the empowerment of all women and girls. Agreed Conclusions. 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(2019, December 6). \u2018If you saw her body, you will never sleep again\u2019: Despair as India rape crisis grows.\n                      The Guardian\n                      . https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2019\/dec\/06\/i-dont-see-anything-changing-despair-india-rape-crisis-grows"},{"key":"bibr22-10778012221086002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sp\/jxx010"},{"key":"bibr23-10778012221086002","volume-title":"Chained to the system: The history and politics of black incarceration in America","author":"Garrison A. H.","year":"2020"},{"key":"bibr24-10778012221086002","unstructured":"Generation Equality Forum. (2021). 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Bangladesh approves the use of the death penalty for rapists, joining at least six other countries where rape can be punished by death.\n                      Thomson Reuters Foundation News\n                      . https:\/\/news.trust.org\/item\/20201013104818-jvh1t"},{"key":"bibr35-10778012221086002","unstructured":"Kerr-Wilson A., Gibbs A., McAslan Fraser E., Ramsoomar L., Parke A., Khuwaja H. M. A., Jewkes R. (2020).\n                      A rigorous global evidence review of interventions to prevent violence against women and girls.\n                      What Works to Prevent Violence Against Women and Girls Global Programme, Pretoria, South Africa."},{"key":"bibr36-10778012221086002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2006.095521"},{"key":"bibr37-10778012221086002","unstructured":"Kim M. 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New laws could prove to be a win for women\u2019s rights activists.\n                      Mail & Guardian\n                      . https:\/\/mg.co.za\/opinion\/2020-09-19-new-laws-could-be-a-win-for-gender-violence-activists\/"},{"key":"bibr41-10778012221086002","unstructured":"Masina L. (2020, December 29) Prison terms double in Malawi rape, sexual abuses cases, say local media.\n                      Voice of America News\n                      . https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/prison-terms-double-malawi-rape-sexual-abuses-cases-say-local-media"},{"key":"bibr42-10778012221086002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.9783\/9780812295757"},{"key":"bibr43-10778012221086002","unstructured":"Moraes T. (2011, June 29). 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Why we need to talk about the condition of India\u2019s prison.\n                      The Wire\n                      . https:\/\/thewire.in\/uncategorised\/india-prison-conditions"},{"key":"bibr49-10778012221086002","volume-title":"Arrested justice: Black women, violence, and America\u2019s prison nation","author":"Richie B.","year":"2012"},{"key":"bibr50-10778012221086002","unstructured":"Sawyer W., Wagner P. (2020, March 24).\n                      Mass incarceration: The whole pie 2020\n                      . Prison Policy Initiative. https:\/\/www.prisonpolicy.org\/reports\/pie2020.html"},{"key":"bibr51-10778012221086002","volume-title":"Until we reckon: Violence, mass incarceration, and a road to repair","author":"Sered D.","year":"2019"},{"key":"bibr52-10778012221086002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5204\/ijcjsd.v3i3.155"},{"key":"bibr53-10778012221086002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17265\/2159-5313\/2016.09.003"},{"key":"bibr54-10778012221086002","unstructured":"Taylor A. Y., Moura T., Scabio J. L., Borde E., Afonso J. S., Barker G. (2016)\n                      This isn\u2019t the life for you: Masculinities and nonviolence in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil\n                      . Results from the International Men and Gender Equality Survey (IMAGES) with a focus on urban violence, Promundo."},{"key":"bibr46-10778012221086002","unstructured":"The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR). (2020, October 15). Rape is a monstrous crime, perpetrators must be held accountable \u2013 but death penalty and torture are not the answers - Bachelet. https:\/\/www.ohchr.org\/en\/NewsEvents\/Pages\/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=26379&LangID=E"},{"key":"bibr55-10778012221086002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17265\/2159-5313\/2016.09.003"},{"key":"bibr56-10778012221086002","volume-title":"All our trials: Prisons, policing, and the feminist fight to end violence","author":"Thuma E. L.","year":"2019"},{"key":"bibr57-10778012221086002","unstructured":"UNICEF. (2020). Prevention and early intervention budget brief: South Africa. https:\/\/www.unicef.org\/southafrica\/media\/4776\/file\/ZAF-prevention-early-intervention-budget-brief.pdf"},{"key":"bibr58-10778012221086002","unstructured":"UN News. (2020, October 15). Rape is wrong but death penalty, castration, not the answer: UN rights chief. https:\/\/news.un.org\/en\/story\/2020\/10\/1075452"},{"key":"bibr59-10778012221086002","unstructured":"UN Women. (2021, July 2). Generation Equality Forum concludes in Paris with announcement of revolutionary commitments and Global Acceleration Plan to advance gender equality by 2026. https:\/\/www.unwomen.org\/en\/news\/stories\/2021\/7\/press-release-generation-equality-forum-concludes-with-commitments-and-global-acceleration-plan"},{"key":"bibr60-10778012221086002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13552074.2016.1194560"},{"key":"bibr61-10778012221086002","unstructured":"Vetten L. (2018).\n                      What is rightfully due? Costing the operations of domestic violence shelters\n                      . Hlanganisa Institute for Development in South Africa, the National Shelter Movement of South Africa, and the Heinrich B\u00f6ll Foundation."},{"key":"bibr62-10778012221086002","unstructured":"Violence Free Colorado. (2020). Moment of truth. https:\/\/www.violencefreecolorado.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/Moment-of-Truth.pdf"},{"key":"bibr63-10778012221086002","unstructured":"World Future Council. (2014, October 14).\n                      Future Policy Award 2014: Duluth Model is world\u2019s best policy\n                      . https:\/\/www.worldfuturecouncil.org\/future-policy-award-2014\/"},{"key":"bibr64-10778012221086002","unstructured":"World Health Organization. (2018).\n                      INSPIRE handbook: Action for implementing the seven strategies for ending violence against children\n                      ."},{"key":"bibr65-10778012221086002","unstructured":"World Health Organization. (2019).\n                      RESPECT women: Preventing violence against women\n                      . https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/312261\/WHO-RHR-18.19-eng.pdf?ua=1"},{"key":"bibr66-10778012221086002","unstructured":"World Health Organization. (2021).\n                      Violence against women prevalence estimates, 2018: Global, regional and national prevalence estimates for intimate partner violence against women and global and regional prevalence estimates for non-partner sexual violence against women\n                      . https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/rest\/bitstreams\/1347689\/retrieve"}],"container-title":["Violence Against Women"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/10778012221086002","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/10778012221086002","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/10778012221086002","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T01:55:28Z","timestamp":1777686928000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/10778012221086002"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,27]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/10778012221086002"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/10778012221086002","relation":{},"ISSN":["1077-8012","1552-8448"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1077-8012","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-8448","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,27]]}}}