{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T22:29:25Z","timestamp":1777933765553,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"15-16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,28]],"date-time":"2022-06-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656374400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Violence Against Women"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Korean refugee women are at risk of multiple violent victimizations throughout the migration phases. However, migration's association with mental health outcomes has received little scholarly attention. This study examined North Korean refugee women's exposure to polyvictimization\u2014exposure to both gender-based violence (GBV) and intimate partner violence (IPV)\u2014and explored whether polyvictimization is associated with an increased risk of psychological symptoms. Data from a snowball sample of 212 North Korean refugee women were analyzed. Polyvictimization was operationalized as No victimization (0), Only GBV (1), Only IPV (2), and Both GBV and IPV (3). The associations between polyvictimization and depression, suicidal ideation, suicide attempt, and alcohol use disorder were analyzed with multivariate analyses. Results demonstrated that 46.2% experienced GBV in either North Korea or intermediary countries, and 30.9% were victims of IPV from their current intimate partner in South Korea. Approximately 25% were victims of both GBV and IPV. Multivariate analyses revealed that GBV was the most critical factor for mental health outcomes. North Korean refugee women with only GBV or GBV and IPV had significantly higher depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation severity than those without violence victimization. Risk of suicide attempt was also significantly higher among those with only GBV (OR\u2009=\u200916.52, p\u2009=\u2009.015) or both GBV and IPV (OR\u2009=\u20099.96, p\u2009=\u2009.048) than those without any violence victimization. Implications for future research and interventions among North Korean refugee women are also discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/10778012221088311","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,28]],"date-time":"2022-06-28T14:30:01Z","timestamp":1656426601000},"page":"3726-3741","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Polyvictimization and Psychological Outcomes Among North Korean Refugee Women"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6799-5434","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Boyoung","family":"Nam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social Welfare, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1382-1225","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yujin","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Social Welfare, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Charlotte","family":"Bright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Social Work, Colorado State University, CO, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nalini","family":"Negi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Social Work, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-10778012221088311","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.30773\/pi.2017.11.08.3"},{"key":"bibr2-10778012221088311","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2004.00351.x"},{"key":"bibr3-10778012221088311","volume-title":"The alcohol use disorders identification test: Guidelines for use in primary health care.","author":"Babor T. 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Retrieved from http:\/\/iipdigital.usembassy.gov\/st\/english\/article\/2005\/07\/20050720153430tjkcollub0.4683344.html#axzz2YQ5FpzP4"},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr6-10778012221088311","first-page":"289\u2013309","volume":"8","author":"\u00c7akar U.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Is Ahlak\u0131 Dergisi"},{"key":"bibr7-10778012221088311","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.76.2.194"},{"key":"bibr8-10778012221088311","volume-title":"Migration experiences of North Korean refugees: Survey evidence from China (Working Paper Series 08-4)","author":"Chang Y.","year":"2008"},{"key":"bibr9-10778012221088311","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2016.10.010"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr10-10778012221088311","first-page":"17","volume":"10","author":"Cho Y. 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Retrieved from https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/421da31725.html"},{"key":"bibr19-10778012221088311","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.21783"},{"key":"bibr20-10778012221088311","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2006.09.007"},{"key":"bibr21-10778012221088311","author":"Kiersz A.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Business Insider"},{"key":"bibr22-10778012221088311","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijlcj.2009.10.001"},{"key":"bibr23-10778012221088311","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20992\/gc.2018.12.11.2.7"},{"key":"bibr24-10778012221088311","volume-title":"2019 Survey on North Korean refugee\u2019s inclusion status in South Korea","author":"Korea Hana Foundation"},{"key":"bibr25-10778012221088311","volume-title":"Settlement survey of North Korean refugees in South Korea","author":"Korea Hana Foundation"},{"key":"bibr26-10778012221088311","volume-title":"The 2010 nationwide survey on domestic violence in South Korea","author":"Korean Ministry of Gender Equality and Family","year":"2010"},{"key":"bibr27-10778012221088311","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3928\/0048-5713-20020901-06"},{"key":"bibr28-10778012221088311","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr29-10778012221088311","first-page":"21","volume":"7","author":"Lee H. 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