{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T22:28:21Z","timestamp":1777933701715,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,17]],"date-time":"2022-11-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668643200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002749","name":"Belgian Federal Science Policy Office","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BR\/174\/A4\/IPV-PRO&POL"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BR\/174\/A4\/IPV-PRO&POL"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002749","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Violence Against Women"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The prosecution of domestic violence remains a complex process within criminal policy in Belgium. Evidence is often reliant on medical certificates or injury reports, necessary for victims who want to file official complaints. However, medical evidencing is a contentious issue. Based on qualitative research among public prosecutors, victims, and general practitioners in Belgium, this study analyses the challenges these groups face through an ethics of care lens. Despite their crucial importance in legal procedures, the use of certificates is surrounded by contradictions. The issues point to an unequal distribution of responsibilities, which masks institutional and political responsibilities and enhances the responsibilization of victims.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/10778012221134824","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,18]],"date-time":"2022-11-18T02:16:37Z","timestamp":1668737797000},"page":"485-502","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Responsibility or Responsibilization in Medical Evidencing of Domestic Violence? The Belgian Case Analyzed Through a Care Ethical Lens"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4140-5074","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eva","family":"Vergaert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"RHEA, Centre of Expertise Gender, Diversity and Intersectionality, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussel, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-10778012221134824","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/978-1-137-52452-2_4"},{"key":"bibr2-10778012221134824","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-10-5251-4_103"},{"key":"bibr3-10778012221134824","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203927755"},{"key":"bibr4-10778012221134824","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1179\/030801807X163571"},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr5-10778012221134824","first-page":"283","volume":"17","author":"Comack E.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Women & Law"},{"key":"bibr6-10778012221134824","unstructured":"Council of Europe (2011). Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence. https:\/\/rm.coe.int\/168008482e."},{"key":"bibr7-10778012221134824","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctvr7fcsw.12"},{"key":"bibr8-10778012221134824","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1229039"},{"issue":"9","key":"bibr9-10778012221134824","first-page":"339","volume":"39","author":"De Deken L.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Huisarts Nu"},{"key":"bibr10-10778012221134824","unstructured":"Departement WVG.\n                      Familiaal geweld\n                      [Family violence]. Departement Welzijn, Volksgezondheid en Gezin. Retrieved 18 November 2021 from https:\/\/www.slachtofferzorg.be\/familiaal-geweld"},{"key":"bibr11-10778012221134824","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10896-020-00245-2"},{"key":"bibr12-10778012221134824","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/sor.2011.0018"},{"key":"bibr13-10778012221134824","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1745-9133.12049"},{"key":"bibr14-10778012221134824","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1369183X.2019.1650010"},{"key":"bibr15-10778012221134824","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1362480611433432"},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr16-10778012221134824","first-page":"551","volume":"52","author":"Grant I.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Osgoode Hall Law Journal"},{"key":"bibr17-10778012221134824","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctvr7fcsw.6"},{"key":"bibr18-10778012221134824","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0011392112456503"},{"key":"bibr19-10778012221134824","volume-title":"The ethics of care: Personal, political, and global","author":"Held V.","year":"2006"},{"key":"bibr20-10778012221134824","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780198716341.003.0002"},{"issue":"3","key":"bibr21-10778012221134824","first-page":"180","volume":"4","author":"Holmes D.","year":"2006","journal-title":"International Journal of Evidence-Based Healthcare"},{"key":"bibr22-10778012221134824","unstructured":"Instituut voor de gelijkheid van vrouwen en mannen. (2013).\n                      Geweld, wat nu?\n                      [Violence, what now?] Retrieved on 17 November 2019, https:\/\/igvm-iefh.belgium.be\/nl\/publicaties\/Geweld_Wat_nu_"},{"key":"bibr23-10778012221134824","unstructured":"Instituut voor de gelijkheid van vrouwen en mannen. (2021).\n                      handleiding bij de meldcode partnergeweld\n                      [Manual with the reporting code for partner violence]\n                      .\n                      https:\/\/igvm-iefh.belgium.be\/sites\/default\/files\/138_-_handleiding_meldcode_partnergeweld.pdf"},{"key":"bibr24-10778012221134824","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Isaac N. E., Enos V. P. (2001).\n                      Docum\n                      enting domestic violence: How health care providers can help victims\n                      . Retrieved on 27 January 2021. https:\/\/www.ojp.gov\/pdffiles1\/nij\/188564.pdf","DOI":"10.1037\/e311102004-001"},{"key":"bibr25-10778012221134824","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/fr.2015.52"},{"key":"bibr26-10778012221134824","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5117\/TVGN2021.2.007.KHAZ"},{"key":"bibr27-10778012221134824","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2043610620951977"},{"key":"bibr28-10778012221134824","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1362480615585399"},{"key":"bibr29-10778012221134824","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5117\/TVGN2020.1.003.MIRI"},{"key":"bibr30-10778012221134824","unstructured":"Openbaar Ministerie. (2015).\n                      Omzendbrief COL4\/2006 (herzien op 12.10.2015) - Gemeenschappelijke omzendbrief van de Minister van justitie en het College van procureurs-generaal betreffende het strafrechtelijk beleid inzake partnergeweld\n                      [Circular COL4\/2006 (revised on 12.10.2015) \u2013 Joint circular of the minister of justice and the board of attorneys-general on the criminal policy with concern to partner violence]."},{"key":"bibr31-10778012221134824","unstructured":"Orde der artsen (2017).\n                      Advies begrip \u2018ongeschiktheid tot het verrichten van persoonlijke arbeid\u2019 voor het slachtoffer van opzettelijke slagen en verwondingen \u2013 Artikel 399 van het Strafwetboek\n                      [Recommendation concept \u2018incapacity to perform personal labour\u2019 for victims of battery and assault \u2013 Article 399 of the Penal Code]. Retrieved on 25 January 2021, https:\/\/ordomedic.be\/nl\/adviezen\/attesten\/aangifte-bij-de-politie-de-gerechtelijke-overheid\/begrip-ongeschiktheid-tot-het-verrichten-van-persoonlijke-arbeid-voor-het-slachtoffer-van-opzettelijke-slagen-en-verwondingen-artikel-399-van-het-strafwetboek-2"},{"key":"bibr32-10778012221134824","first-page":"66","volume-title":"Critical Issues on Violence Against Women: International Perspectives and Promising Strategies","author":"Robinson A.","year":"2015"},{"key":"bibr33-10778012221134824","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01924036.2015.1114001"},{"key":"bibr34-10778012221134824","unstructured":"Sensoa. (2015).\n                      Partnergeweld\n                      [Partner violence]. Retrieved 18 November 2021 from https:\/\/www.zanzu.be\/nl\/partnergeweld"},{"key":"bibr35-10778012221134824","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203169384"},{"key":"bibr36-10778012221134824","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1077801204271476"},{"key":"bibr37-10778012221134824","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1362480697001004004"},{"key":"bibr38-10778012221134824","volume-title":"Coercive control: The entrapment of women in personal life","author":"Stark E.","year":"2009"},{"key":"bibr39-10778012221134824","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10896-015-9794-7"},{"key":"bibr40-10778012221134824","volume-title":"Moral boundaries: A political argument for an ethic of care","author":"Tronto J. C.","year":"1993"},{"key":"bibr41-10778012221134824","volume-title":"Caring democracy: Markets, equality, and justice","author":"Tronto J. 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