{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T09:58:11Z","timestamp":1781863091969,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781481600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781481600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Violence Against Women"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This article examines media representations of intimate partner violence against women (IPVAW) in Estonian news media between 2019 and 2021. Given that news media both shape and reflect public beliefs and attitudes, the article examines how IPVAW is represented and identifies its key features in media coverage. Using a mixed-methods approach that combines quantitative and qualitative content analysis, it identifies focal topics and key actors, and assesses whether it is represented as an individual or structural and social issue. To this end, six IPVAW-related parameters were identified, coded, and analyzed. The findings indicate that, despite statistical evidence of the gendered and systematic nature of IPVAW, terminology used in the media coverage does not reflect this. Although reporting frequency, explanations of the constitutive elements of IPVAW, references to support services, and recognition of children as co-victims suggest it is treated as a significant social issue, connections to its underlying causes\u2014namely gender inequality and discrimination\u2014remain weak. Overall, both media and policy responses adopt a predominantly individualistic approach, focusing on consequences\u2014such as victim support and judicial responses\u2014while giving limited attention to prevention, including the critical examination of traditional gender roles and stereotypes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/10778012261458799","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T13:05:19Z","timestamp":1781528719000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Representations of Intimate Partner Violence Against Women in Estonian News Media"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-0756-3285","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tiina","family":"Vahtras","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Tartu"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17512786.2020.1799236"},{"issue":"22","key":"e_1_3_3_3_1","first-page":"52","article-title":"Representing and consuming women. Paradoxes in media covering violence against women","volume":"8","author":"Baluta O.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Baluta O. (2015). Representing and consuming women. Paradoxes in media covering violence against women. Journal of Media Research, 8(22), 52\u201367. https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/4se4rctu.","journal-title":"Journal of Media Research"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.npls.2016.01.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1533-8525.1999.tb02359.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/089124301015002006"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_1","volume-title":"Framing the Victim: Domestic Violence, Media and Social Problems","author":"Berns N.","year":"2004","unstructured":"Berns N. (2004). Framing the Victim: Domestic Violence, Media and Social Problems. Aldine de Gruyter."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_1","volume-title":"La domination masculine","author":"Bourdieu P.","year":"1998","unstructured":"Bourdieu P. (1998). La domination masculine. Editions du Seuil."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4135\/9781412976053.n16"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07491409.2007.10162504"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-2466.2007.00379.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_1","first-page":"219","volume-title":"News, gender and power","author":"Carter C.","year":"1998","unstructured":"Carter C. (1998). When the \u2018extraordinary\u2019 becomes \u2018ordinary\u2019: Everyday news of sexual violence. In Allan S., Branston G., Carter C. (Eds.), News, gender and power (pp. 219\u2013232). Routledge."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_1","first-page":"161","volume-title":"Language and Journalism","author":"Carvalho A.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Carvalho A. (2008). Media(ted) Discourse and Society. Rethinking the framework of Critical Discourse Analysis. In Richardson J. (Ed.), Language and Journalism (pp. 161\u2013177). Routledge."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/blar.12486"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0267323114544865"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_1","volume-title":"Masculinities. Second Edition","author":"Connell R.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Connell R. (2005). Masculinities. Second Edition. University of California Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_1","volume-title":"Masculinit\u00e9s. Enjeux sociaux de l'h\u00e9g\u00e9monie","author":"Connell R.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Connell R. (2014). Masculinit\u00e9s. Enjeux sociaux de l'h\u00e9g\u00e9monie. Editions Amsterdam."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_1","unstructured":"Council of Europe. (2011). Convention on Preventing and Combating Violence Against Women and Domestic Violence. https:\/\/rm.coe.int\/168008482e"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_1","unstructured":"Council of Europe. (2022). GREVIO Baseline Evaluation Report Estonia. https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/m962czx7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_1","first-page":"32","volume-title":"The routledge companion to Media and gender","author":"Cuklanz L. M.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cuklanz L. M. (2014). Mass media representation of gendered violence. In Carter L., Steiner, & McLaughlin L. (Eds.), The routledge companion to Media and gender (pp. 32\u201341). Routledge."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wsif.2014.10.015"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_1","unstructured":"EIGE (European Institute for Gender Equality). (2023). Understanding Psychological Violence Against Women. The need for harmonised definitions and data in the EU. https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/y3tdtuhm"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_1","unstructured":"Estonian Ministry of Justice. (2010). V\u00e4givalla v\u00e4hendamise arengukava aastateks 2010\u20132014 (Development Plan for Decreasing Violence for the period 2010\u20132014). https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/4p9jacbw"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_1","unstructured":"Estonian Ministry of Justice. (2015). V\u00e4givalla ennetamise strateegia 2015\u20132020 (Violence Prevention Strategy for the period 2015\u20132020). https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/4u6hxhh8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_1","unstructured":"Estonian Ministry of Justice. (2021). V\u00e4givallaennetuse kokkulepe 2021\u20132025 (Violence Prevention Agreement for the Period 2021\u20132025). https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/mvwhew6e"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_1","unstructured":"Estonian Ministry of Justice. (2023). L\u00e4hisuhtev\u00e4givalla ennetamise tegevuskava aastateks 2024\u20132027 (Action Plan for the Prevention of Intimate Partner Violence for the Period 2024\u20132027). https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/2e64p42z"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_1","unstructured":"Estonian Ministry of the Interior. (2020). L\u00e4hisuhtev\u00e4givalla ennetamise tegevuskava aastateks 2019\u20132023 (Action Plan for the Prevention of Intimate Partner Violence for the Period 2019\u20132023). https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/2dwvhw6x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_1","article-title":"EU Directive on Combating Violence Against Women and Domestic Violence","author":"European Union","year":"2024","unstructured":"European Union (2024). EU Directive on Combating Violence Against Women and Domestic Violence. Official Journal of the European Union. https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/eli\/dir\/2024\/1385\/oj","journal-title":"Official Journal of the European Union"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_1","volume-title":"Language and power","author":"Fairclough N.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Fairclough N. (1989). Language and power. Longman."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_1","volume-title":"Critical discourse analysis. The Critical study of language","author":"Fairclough N.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Fairclough N. (1995). Critical discourse analysis. The Critical study of language. Longman."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_1","volume-title":"EU gender-based violence survey\u2014Key results: Experiences of women in the EU-27","author":"FRA, EIGE and Eurostat","year":"2024","unstructured":"FRA, EIGE and Eurostat. (2024). EU gender-based violence survey\u2014Key results: Experiences of women in the EU-27. Publications Office of the European Union. https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/454f9jrr"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_1","volume-title":"Violence against women: an EU-wide survey. Results at a glance","author":"FRA (European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights)","year":"2014","unstructured":"FRA (European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights). (2014). Violence against women: an EU-wide survey. Results at a glance. Publications Office of the European Union. https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/4vm6wync"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Representation. Cultural representations and signifying practices","author":"Hall S.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Hall S. (1997). The work of representation. In Hall S. (Ed.), Representation. Cultural representations and signifying practices (pp. 1\u201364). Sage Publications."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1077801209355185"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1077801298004003002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/nor-2017-0181"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17512786.2022.2027807"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_1","volume-title":"Introduction to women, gender, sexuality studies","author":"Kang M.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kang M., Lessard D., Heston L., Nordmarken S. (2017). Introduction to women, gender, sexuality studies. University of Massachusetts Amherst Libraries."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1077801220940403"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_1","volume-title":"Introducing gender and women\u2019s studies (5th ed.)","author":"Kelly L.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kelly L. (2020). Violence against women. In Richardson D., Robinson V. (Eds.), Introducing gender and women\u2019s studies (5th ed.). Red Globe Press. (pp. 144\u2013160)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_1","volume-title":"The gendered society (4th ed.)","author":"Kimmel M.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kimmel M. (2011). The gendered society (4th ed.). Oxford University Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_1","volume-title":"Content analysis: An introduction to its methodology","author":"Krippendorff K.","year":"2004","unstructured":"Krippendorff K. (2004). Content analysis: An introduction to its methodology. Sage."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1077801214543386"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jclp.20105"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1077801220909892"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_46_1","unstructured":"K\u00fctt K. (18 January 2021). Population Increased but Births Continued to Fall. Consulted on: 2024 Statistics Estonia. https:\/\/www.stat.ee\/en\/node\/183337"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_47_1","volume-title":"The creation of patriarchy","author":"Lerner G.","year":"1986","unstructured":"Lerner G. (1986). The creation of patriarchy. Oxford University Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260516660298"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_49_1","volume-title":"Interpersonal violence in Estonia: Prevalence, impact on health and health behaviour","author":"Lippus-Metsaots H.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lippus-Metsaots H. (2021). Interpersonal violence in Estonia: Prevalence, impact on health and health behaviour. University of Tartu Press. https:\/\/dspace.ut.ee\/items\/1fe692ff-2ef4-4e33-a5ee-69320837174a"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_50_1","volume-title":"Different systems, similar outcomes? Tracking attrition in reported rape cases in eleven countries","author":"Lovett J.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lovett J., Kelly L. (2009). Different systems, similar outcomes? Tracking attrition in reported rape cases in eleven countries. CWASU. https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/3hhp797s"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_51_1","first-page":"154","volume-title":"Teel tasakaalustatud \u00fchiskonda. Naised ja mehed eestis III","author":"Luht K.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Luht K. (2021). Naistevastase v\u00e4givalla ohvrite abistamine praeguses Eestis ja arenguplaanid (Helping victims of violence against women in present-day Estonia and development plans). In Marling R., Sander K., Raju M., Pajumets M., Biin H. (Eds.), Teel tasakaalustatud \u00fchiskonda. Naised ja mehed eestis III (pp. 154\u2013158). Sotsiaalministeerium. https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/mr29j7ts."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_52_1","volume-title":"Teel tasakaalustatud \u00fchiskonda. Naised ja mehed Eestis III","author":"Luht K.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Luht K., Mitendorf A. (2021). Naistevastase v\u00e4givalla eri tahud (Different aspects of violence against women). In Marling R., Sander K., Raju M., Pajumets M., Biin H. (Eds.), Teel tasakaalustatud \u00fchiskonda. Naised ja mehed Eestis III. Sotsiaalministeerium. https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/mr29j7ts. (pp. 137\u2013153)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_53_1","volume-title":"Report of the Special Rapporteur on violence against women, its causes and consequences","author":"Manjoo R.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Manjoo R. (2014). Report of the Special Rapporteur on violence against women, its causes and consequences. United Nations."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-2466.1994.tb00676.x"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_3_3_55_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"A mediated tolerance of violence: An analysis of online newspaper articles and \u201cbelow-the-line\u201d. Comments in Latvian media","volume":"37","author":"Mileiko I.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mileiko I., Hamilton G. E. (2020). A mediated tolerance of violence: An analysis of online newspaper articles and \u201cbelow-the-line\u201d. Comments in Latvian media. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 37(11-12), 1\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0886260520983507","journal-title":"Journal of Interpersonal Violence"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wsif.2009.05.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_57_1","volume-title":"Naistevastane v\u00e4givald\u2014tabuprobleem Eestis. Vaikijate h\u00e4\u00e4led. Raamat soolisest v\u00e4givallast. R\u00e4\u00e4givad ohvrid. N\u00f5ustavad eksperdid. Anal\u00fc\u00fcsivad teadlased (Violence against women\u2014A taboo problem in Estonia. Voices of the silent. A book about gender-based violence. Victims speak out. Experts provide advice. Scientists analyse)","author":"Pettai I.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Pettai I. (2002). Naistevastane v\u00e4givald\u2014tabuprobleem Eestis. Vaikijate h\u00e4\u00e4led. Raamat soolisest v\u00e4givallast. R\u00e4\u00e4givad ohvrid. N\u00f5ustavad eksperdid. Anal\u00fc\u00fcsivad teadlased (Violence against women\u2014A taboo problem in Estonia. Voices of the silent. A book about gender-based violence. Victims speak out. Experts provide advice. Scientists analyse). P\u00f5hjamaade Ministrite N\u00f5ukogu, Eesti Avatud \u00dchiskonna Instituut."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_58_1","unstructured":"Pettai I. (2022). Pere- ja naistevastane v\u00e4givald Eestis. \u00dcle-eestilise uuringu tulemused (Family violence and violence against women in Estonia. The results of a nationwide survey). Eesti Avatud \u00dchiskonna Instituut."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_59_1","volume-title":"Perev\u00e4givald Eestis tervishoiut\u00f6\u00f6taja pilgu l\u00e4bi. \u00dcle-estilise ekspertk\u00fcsitluse tulemused 2003\u20132014 (Family violence in Estonia through the eyes of a healthcare worker. Results of a nationwide expert survey 2003\u20132014)","author":"Pettai I.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pettai I., Kase H. (2014). Perev\u00e4givald Eestis tervishoiut\u00f6\u00f6taja pilgu l\u00e4bi. \u00dcle-estilise ekspertk\u00fcsitluse tulemused 2003\u20132014 (Family violence in Estonia through the eyes of a healthcare worker. Results of a nationwide expert survey 2003\u20132014). Eesti Avatud \u00dchiskonna Instituut."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_60_1","volume-title":"V\u00e4givald ja naiste tervis. Uuringu aruanne","author":"Pettai I.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Pettai I., Proos I. (2003). V\u00e4givald ja naiste tervis. Uuringu aruanne. Eesti Avatud \u00dchiskonna Instituut."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_61_1","volume-title":"Perev\u00e4givald Eestis juristi pilgu l\u00e4bi. \u00dcle-eestilise ekspertk\u00fcsitluse tulemused (Family violence in Estonia through the eyes of a lawyer. Results of a nationwide expert survey)","author":"Pettai I.","unstructured":"Pettai I., Proos I. (2014a). Perev\u00e4givald Eestis juristi pilgu l\u00e4bi. \u00dcle-eestilise ekspertk\u00fcsitluse tulemused (Family violence in Estonia through the eyes of a lawyer. Results of a nationwide expert survey). Eesti Avatud \u00dchiskonna Instituut."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_62_1","volume-title":"Perev\u00e4givald Eestis sotsiaalt\u00f6\u00f6taja pilgu l\u00e4bi. \u00dcle-eestilise ekspertk\u00fcsitluse tulemused (Family violence in Estonia through the eyes of a social worker. Results of a nationwide expert survey)","author":"Pettai I.","unstructured":"Pettai I., Proos I. (2014b). Perev\u00e4givald Eestis sotsiaalt\u00f6\u00f6taja pilgu l\u00e4bi. \u00dcle-eestilise ekspertk\u00fcsitluse tulemused (Family violence in Estonia through the eyes of a social worker. Results of a nationwide expert survey). Eesti Avatud \u00dchiskonna Instituut."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_63_1","volume-title":"L\u00e4hisuhtev\u00e4givald Eestis politsei pilgu l\u00e4bi. \u00dcle-eestilise ekspertk\u00fcsitluse tulemused (Intimate partner violence in Estonia through the eyes of the police. Results of a nationwide expert survey)","author":"Pettai I.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pettai I., Proos I. (2015). L\u00e4hisuhtev\u00e4givald Eestis politsei pilgu l\u00e4bi. \u00dcle-eestilise ekspertk\u00fcsitluse tulemused (Intimate partner violence in Estonia through the eyes of the police. Results of a nationwide expert survey). Eesti Avatud \u00dchiskonna Instituut."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_64_1","unstructured":"Pilvre B. (2011). Naiste meediarepresentatsioon Eesti ajakirjanduskultuuri ja \u00fchiskonna kontekstis [Media representation of women in the context of Estonian journalism culture and society]. Tartu \u00dclikooli Kirjastus. https:\/\/dspace.ut.ee\/handle\/10062\/17921"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2478\/genst-2019-0010"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_66_1","first-page":"110","volume-title":"Introducing gender and women\u2019s studies","author":"Robinson V.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Robinson V. (2020). Men, masculinity studies and feminism. In Richardson D., Robinson V., Richardson D., Robinson V. (Eds.), Introducing gender and women\u2019s studies (5th ed.), pp. 110\u2013127). Red Globe Press.","edition":"5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_67_1","volume-title":"Real world research: A resource for social scientists and practitioner-researchers","author":"Robson C.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Robson C. (1993). Real world research: A resource for social scientists and practitioner-researchers. Blackwell."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_68_1","unstructured":"Soo K. (2010). Paarisuhtev\u00e4givald Eestis\u2014levik ja tagaj\u00e4rjed. L\u00f5ppraport (Couple violence in Estonia\u2014Prevalence and consequences. Final report). Tartu \u00dclikool Sotsiaalministeerium."},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_3_69_1","first-page":"81","article-title":"Eesti meeste v\u00e4givald kooselupartneri vastu (Estonian men\u2019s violence against their intimate partners)","volume":"16","author":"Soo K.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Soo K. (2016). Eesti meeste v\u00e4givald kooselupartneri vastu (Estonian men\u2019s violence against their intimate partners). Ariadne L\u00f5ng, 16(1\/2), 81\u201394. https:\/\/ariadnelong.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/K.Soo_Eesti-meeste-vagivald-kooselupartneri-vastu.pdf.","journal-title":"Ariadne L\u00f5ng"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_70_1","volume-title":"Media representations of violence against women and their children: State of knowledge paper","author":"Sutherland G.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sutherland G., McCormack A., Pirkis J., Easteal P., Holland K., Vaughan C. (2015). Media representations of violence against women and their children: State of knowledge paper. ANROWS."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_71_1","volume-title":"Declaration on the elimination of violence against women","author":"United Nations","year":"1993","unstructured":"United Nations. (1993). Declaration on the elimination of violence against women. Human Rights Instruments. https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/466hdz55"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_72_1","unstructured":"United Nations Fourth World Conference on Women. (1995). Estonian Women in a Changing Society. National Report of Estonia. UNDP. https:\/\/enut.ee\/files\/Estonian-Women-Report-1995-ENG.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_73_1","unstructured":"Vihmar L. (2018). L\u00e4hisuhtev\u00e4givald ja selle k\u00e4sitlemine Eesti P\u00e4evalehe Eesti Eksprcomm."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_74_1","unstructured":"WHO (World Health Organisation). (2012). Understanding and addressing violence against women: Intimate partner violence. https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/2w9tsyz6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_75_1","first-page":"11","volume-title":"Language and discourse","author":"Wodak R.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Wodak R. (1997). Introduction: Some important issues in the research of gender and discourse. In Wodak R. (Ed.), Language and discourse (pp. 11\u201320). Sage Publications."}],"container-title":["Violence Against Women"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/10778012261458799","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/10778012261458799","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/10778012261458799","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T09:47:21Z","timestamp":1781862441000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/10778012261458799"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]]},"references-count":74,"alternative-id":["10.1177\/10778012261458799"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/10778012261458799","relation":{},"ISSN":["1077-8012","1552-8448"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1077-8012","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-8448","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]]},"article-number":"10778012261458799"}}