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The present analysis suggests that both effects apply but in separate parts of the city. The analysis reveals a spatial dichotomy: In the nineteenth-century inner city, participation is more problem-related, whereas in the periphery, participation is explained by opportunities available. Simultaneously, the results warn against overemphasizing the neighborhood context as a determinant for participation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1078087410364604","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,5,3]],"date-time":"2010-05-03T22:30:01Z","timestamp":1272925801000},"page":"797-820","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Threatened or Empowered? 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