{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T22:43:36Z","timestamp":1777934616361,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,15]],"date-time":"2023-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686787200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Oncol Pharm Pract"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The use of immune checkpoint inhibitors, which have an important role in the treatment of malignant tumors, is increasing. Although rarely observed, neurological immune-related adverse events associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors result in high morbidity and mortality. Small cell lung cancer is a common cause of neurological paraneoplastic syndromes. The differentiation between paraneoplastic syndromes and neurological immune-related adverse events is important in patients using immune checkpoint inhibitors. Cerebellar ataxia caused by atezolizumab is a rare immune-related adverse event.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Case report<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this context, we present a 66-year-old man with small cell lung cancer who developed immune-mediated cerebellar ataxia after three cycles of atezolizumab, a programmed cell death ligand-1 inhibitor. The admission of brain and spinal gadolinium-based contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging supported the preliminary diagnosis and indicated leptomeningeal involvement. However, the blood tests and a lumbar puncture did not reveal any structural, biochemical, paraneoplastic, or infectious cause.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Management and outcome<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>High-dose steroid treatment resulted in an improvement in the radiological involvement, as evidenced both clinically and on follow-up whole spine magnetic resonance imaging. Therefore, the immunotherapy was discontinued. The patient was discharged on day 20 without neurological sequelae.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In light of this, we present this case to emphasize the differential diagnosis of neurological immune-related adverse events originating from immune checkpoint inhibitors, which require rapid diagnosis and treatment, and clinically similar paraneoplastic syndromes and radiologically similar leptomeningeal involvement, in a case of small cell lung cancer.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/10781552231180594","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,15]],"date-time":"2023-06-15T18:26:52Z","timestamp":1686853612000},"page":"201-205","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Atezolizumab-induced cerebellar ataxia in a patient with metastatic small cell lung cancer: A case report and literature review"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9381-1934","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tanju","family":"Kapagan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Ba\u015fak\u015fehir \u00c7am and Sakura City Hosp\u0131tal, Istanbul, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Faruk","family":"Aksu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Ba\u015fak\u015fehir \u00c7am and Sakura City Hosp\u0131tal, Istanbul, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sabahattin","family":"Yuzkan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Ba\u015fak\u015fehir \u00c7am and Sakura City Hosp\u0131tal, Istanbul, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nilufer","family":"Bulut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Ba\u015fak\u015fehir \u00c7am and Sakura City Hosp\u0131tal, Istanbul, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gokmen Umut","family":"Erdem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Ba\u015fak\u015fehir \u00c7am and Sakura City Hosp\u0131tal, Istanbul, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-10781552231180594","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/curroncol29050247"},{"key":"bibr2-10781552231180594","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1703481"},{"key":"bibr3-10781552231180594","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctrv.2016.02.001"},{"key":"bibr4-10781552231180594","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.21.01440"},{"key":"bibr5-10781552231180594","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2016.12.001"},{"key":"bibr6-10781552231180594","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13052-016-0325-9"},{"key":"bibr7-10781552231180594","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2217\/nmt.14.27"},{"key":"bibr8-10781552231180594","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.1981.154"},{"key":"bibr9-10781552231180594","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2021.604227"},{"key":"bibr10-10781552231180594","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ensci.2018.12.001"},{"key":"bibr11-10781552231180594","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4322\/acr.2021.261"},{"key":"bibr12-10781552231180594","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13256-020-02411-y"},{"key":"bibr13-10781552231180594","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clgc.2017.03.001"},{"key":"bibr14-10781552231180594","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2050313X18792422"},{"key":"bibr15-10781552231180594","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00207454.2019.1655013"},{"key":"bibr16-10781552231180594","author":"Sebbag 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