{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T22:45:16Z","timestamp":1777934716144,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768521600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768521600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Oncol Pharm Pract"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Anticancer drugs excreted in urine can disperse during urination, contaminating toilets and causing secondary exposure. Activated carbon sheets adsorb urinary drugs and limit surface diffusion, but whether adsorbed drugs subsequently vaporize is unknown. We evaluated vaporization of cyclophosphamide (CPA) applied to activated carbon sheets.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      CPA (10\u2005mg\/2\u2005mL) was placed on 100-cm\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      activated carbon sheets or control sheets without activated carbon and incubated for 24\u2005h in a 4-L chamber at 37 \u00b0C. Vaporization was assessed by Ames test (reverse-mutated Salmonella colony counts). CPA in chamber gas and wipe samples from the inner surfaces of the chamber was quantified by HPLC\u2013MS\/MS. Sheets were tested immediately after CPA application, after drying, and after rewetting (immediately and at 3 and 7 days after contamination).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Compared with no-CPA exposure, colony counts increased significantly after exposure to CPA-dropped control sheets (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), whereas no increase occurred with CPA-coated activated carbon sheets. Gas analysis detected no CPA above the quantification limit when applied to activated carbon sheets; a small amount (49\u2005ng) appeared in one control sample. Wipe samples contained far less CPA on activated carbon than on control sheets (79\u201393% reduction), and these differences persisted through day 7.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Across bioassay and instrumental analyses, activated carbon sheets retained adsorbed CPA without measurable vaporization for at least 7 days. Activated carbon sheets may offer a practical measure to reduce urine-derived antineoplastic contamination and inhalational exposure from vaporization in toilet environments.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/10781552251412430","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T19:12:39Z","timestamp":1768590759000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Activated carbon adsorption sheets suppress volatilization of anticancer drugs excreted in urine, preventing environmental contamination and human exposure"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2478-0190","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Junya","family":"Sato","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shonan University of Medical Sciences"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Riho","family":"Kusakai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shonan University of Medical Sciences"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sayaka","family":"Hori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Functional Groups, Technical Teams, Futamura Chemistry Co., Ltd, Nogoya, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Makoto","family":"Yokoi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Functional Groups, Technical Teams, Futamura Chemistry Co., Ltd, Nogoya, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","unstructured":"NIOSH. NIOSH list of hazardous drugs in healthcare settings 2024. Cincinnati (OH): U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health 2024. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2025\u2013103 (supersedes 2016\u2013161)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2146\/ajhp180564"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","unstructured":"Hodson L Ovesen J Couch J et al. Managing hazardous drug exposures: information for healthcare settings. Cincinnati OH: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health 2023 DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2023\u2013130."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00420-007-0284-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1188\/25.CJON.E52-E59"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","unstructured":"U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Methotrexate injection for intravenous use: prescribing information. Revised March 2022 (accessed 16 December 2025). Silver Spring (MD): FDA. Available from: https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/label\/2022\/214121s001lbl.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","unstructured":"U.S. Food and Drug Administration. KYXATA (carboplatin) injection for intravenous use: prescribing information. Issued August 2025 (accessed 16 December 2025). Silver Spring (MD): FDA. Available from: https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/label\/2025\/219921s000lbl.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.124.002287"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00412899"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"ISOPP Standards of practice. Safe handling of cytotoxics","volume":"13","author":"International Society of Oncology Pharmacy Practitioners Standards Committee","year":"2007","unstructured":"International Society of Oncology Pharmacy Practitioners Standards Committee. ISOPP Standards of practice. Safe handling of cytotoxics. J Oncol Pharm Pract 2007; 13: 1\u201381.","journal-title":"J Oncol Pharm Pract"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.NAJ.0001010592.45177.43"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","volume-title":"Safe handling of hazardous drugs","author":"Polovich M","year":"2011","unstructured":"Polovich M (ed). Safe handling of hazardous drugs. 2nd ed. Pittsburgh, PA: Oncology Nursing Society; 2011.","edition":"2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","first-page":"1339","article-title":"Survey of contamination by excreta in medical institutions for developing guidelines on the safe handling of antineoplastic agents","volume":"48","author":"Morimoto S","year":"2012","unstructured":"Morimoto S, Fujii C, Yoshida H, et al. Survey of contamination by excreta in medical institutions for developing guidelines on the safe handling of antineoplastic agents. J Jpn Soc Hosp Pharm 2012; 48: 1339\u20131343.","journal-title":"J Jpn Soc Hosp Pharm"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","first-page":"16","article-title":"Evaluation of surface contamination with cyclophosphamide in the home setting of outpatients on cancer chemotherapy","volume":"4","author":"Yuki M","year":"2014","unstructured":"Yuki M, Takase K, Sekine S, et al. Evaluation of surface contamination with cyclophosphamide in the home setting of outpatients on cancer chemotherapy. J Nurs Educ Pract 2014; 4: 16\u201323.","journal-title":"J Nurs Educ Pract"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1188\/15.ONF.42-06AP"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5649\/jjphcs.43.328"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40780-017-0085-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1383-5718(00)00105-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40780-016-0062-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.928721"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2146\/ajhp100137"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5649\/jjphcs.41.740"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","first-page":"601","article-title":"A comparison of cleaning solutions in the biological safety cabinet for preparation of anti-cancer agents","volume":"44","author":"Mochizuki C","year":"2008","unstructured":"Mochizuki C, Fujikawa I, Teii G, et al. 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