{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T08:07:22Z","timestamp":1789546042700,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,1]],"date-time":"2017-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1483228800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Correct Health Care"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>There are many ways that life can end in prison. This article takes suicides, murder, and the whole life sentence as three forms of unnatural death that illustrate important features of the prison experience and that take on a special meaning in this environment. These forms of death in custody challenge the \u201clegitimate penological purposes of imprisonment.\u201d Reflections on the importance of hope and dignity in prison are informed by this account.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1078345816685070","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,21]],"date-time":"2017-01-21T12:12:12Z","timestamp":1485000732000},"page":"20-31","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["The Meaning of Ending Life in Prison"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Alison","family":"Liebling","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Criminology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_1","first-page":"76","volume-title":"The study of dying: From autonomy to transformation","author":"Ashby M.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ashby M. (2009). The dying human: A perspective from palliative medicine. In Kellehear A. (Ed.), The study of dying: From autonomy to transformation (pp. 76\u201398). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2311.2005.00355.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/449298"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_1","unstructured":"Churchill W. (1910). Home Secretary. Speech to the House of Commons July 29 1910."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_1","first-page":"343","volume-title":"The effects of imprisonment","author":"Crawley E.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Crawley E., , Sparks R. (2005). Older men in prison: Survival, coping and identity. In Liebling A., , Maruna S. (Eds.), The effects of imprisonment (pp. 343\u2013365). Cullompton, England: Willan Publishing."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1748895806060667"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7560\/704077"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_1","unstructured":"Devynck C. Snacken S. (2014 December). End of life and mental suffering. Paper presented at the 1st International Workshop \u201cEnd-of-Life in Prisons: Talking Across Disciplines and Across Countries\u201d Fribourg Switzerland."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_1","first-page":"96","volume-title":"Life without parole: America\u2019s new death penalty?","author":"Dolovich S.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Dolovich S. (2012). Creating the permanent prisoner. In Ogletree C. J.Jr., , Sarat A. (Eds.), Life without parole: America\u2019s new death penalty? (pp. 96\u2013137). New York: New York University Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-349-16939-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_1","volume-title":"Homicides in prison","author":"Freer E.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Freer E. (2009). Homicides in prison (Unpublished MPhil thesis). University of Cambridge, Cambridge."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_1","unstructured":"Gray A. (2014 August 17). HMP Elmley in Eastchurch to carry out investigation into disturbance with a view to taking action against those responsible. Kent Online. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.kentonline.co.uk\/sheerness\/news\/ongoing-disturbance-at-sheppey-prison-27061\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_1","volume-title":"Changing prisons, saving lives. Report of the independent review into self-inflicted deaths in custody of 18-24 year olds","author":"Harris T.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Harris T. (2015). Changing prisons, saving lives. Report of the independent review into self-inflicted deaths in custody of 18-24 year olds. London, England: Ministry of Justice."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_1","first-page":"66","volume-title":"Life without parole: America\u2019s new death penalty?","author":"Henry J. S.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Henry J. S. (2012). Death-in-prison sentences: Overutilized and underscrutinized. In Ogletree C. J.Jr., , Sarat A. (Eds.), Life without parole: America\u2019s new death penalty? (pp. 66\u201395). New York: New York University Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_1","volume-title":"Report of the Zahid Mubarek Inquiry","author":"House of Commons","year":"2006","unstructured":"House of Commons. (2006). Report of the Zahid Mubarek Inquiry. London, England: The Stationary Office."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_1","volume-title":"Deaths in custody: Third report of session 2004-05","author":"House of Lords\/House of Commons Joint Committee on Human Rights","year":"2004","unstructured":"House of Lords\/House of Commons Joint Committee on Human Rights. (2004). Deaths in custody: Third report of session 2004-05. London, England: The Stationary Office."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_1","volume-title":"2014\u20132015 Annual review","author":"Howard League for Penal Reform","year":"2015","unstructured":"Howard League for Penal Reform. (2015). 2014\u20132015 Annual review. London, England: Author."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_1","volume-title":"Inquest Law, Issue 28","author":"Inquest Lawyers Group","year":"2013","unstructured":"Inquest Lawyers Group. (2013). Inquest Law, Issue 28."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_1","volume-title":"Inquest Law, Issue 31","author":"Inquest Lawyers Group","year":"2015","unstructured":"Inquest Lawyers Group. (2015). Inquest Law, Issue 31."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_1","first-page":"366","volume-title":"The effects of imprisonment","author":"Jewkes Y.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Jewkes Y. (2005). Loss, liminality and the life sentence: Managing identity through a disrupted lifecourse. In Liebling A., , Maruna S. (Eds.), The effects of imprisonment (pp. 366\u2013390). Cullompton, England: Willan."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1077800411428942"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_1","volume-title":"Deaths in Custody","author":"Joint Committee on Human Rights (JCHR)","year":"2004","unstructured":"Joint Committee on Human Rights (JCHR). (2004). Third Report of Session 2004-5. Deaths in Custody."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_1","volume-title":"Deaths in Custody","author":"Joint Committee on Human Rights (JCHR)","year":"2007","unstructured":"Joint Committee on Human Rights (JCHR). (2007). Seventh Report of Session 2006-07. Deaths in Custody."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_1","volume-title":"The study of dying: From autonomy to transformation","author":"Kellehear A.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kellehear A. (Ed.). (2009). The study of dying: From autonomy to transformation. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_1","unstructured":"Lane R. (2015). Disenfranchised and imprisoned grief and loss within the prison context. (Unpublished PhD thesis)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/449299"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/026455050204900208"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1462474511422159"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5204\/ijcjsd.v4i1.192"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780199271221.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrimjus.2012.06.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_33_1","volume-title":"Staff-prisoner relationships at HMP Whitemoor: Twelve years on","author":"Liebling A.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Liebling A., , Arnold H., , Straub C. (2011). Staff-prisoner relationships at HMP Whitemoor: Twelve years on. London, England: Ministry of Justice."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_34_1","first-page":"209","volume-title":"The effects of imprisonment","author":"Liebling A.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Liebling A., , Durie L., , Stiles A., , Tait S. (2005). Revisiting prison suicide: The role of fairness and distress. In Liebling A., , Maruna S. (Eds.), The effects of imprisonment (pp. 209\u2013231). Cullompton, England: Willan Publishing."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_35_1","volume-title":"Suicide attempts and self-injury in male prisons","author":"Liebling A.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Liebling A., , Krarup H. (1993). Suicide attempts and self-injury in male prisons. London, England: Home Office."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315797779-14"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_37_1","volume-title":"The prison officer","author":"Liebling A.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Liebling A., , Price D., , Shefer G. (2011). The prison officer. Cullompton, England: Willan."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_38_1","volume-title":"An evaluation of the Safer Locals Programme: Final report","author":"Liebling A.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Liebling A., , Tait S., , Durie L., , Stiles A., , Harvey J., , Rose G. (2005). An evaluation of the Safer Locals Programme: Final report. Cambridge, England: Cambridge Institute of Criminology Prisons Research Centre."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1745-9125.12017"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_40_1","unstructured":"Ministry of Justice. (2015). Safety in custody summary tables to September 2015. National Offender Management Service. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/statistics\/safety-in-custody-quarterly-bulletin-june-2015"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_41_1","volume-title":"Life goes on. The historic rise in life sentences in America","author":"Nellis A.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Nellis A. (2013). Life goes on. The historic rise in life sentences in America. Washington, DC: The Sentencing Project."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_42_1","volume-title":"Life without parole: America\u2019s new death penalty?","author":"Ogletree C. J.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ogletree C. J.Jr., , Sarat A. (Eds.). (2012). Life without parole: America\u2019s new death penalty?. New York: New York University Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_43_1","volume-title":"Learning from PPO investigations: Risk factors in self-inflicted deaths in prisons","author":"Prisons and Probation Ombudsman","year":"2014","unstructured":"Prisons and Probation Ombudsman. (2014). Learning from PPO investigations: Risk factors in self-inflicted deaths in prisons. London, England: Author."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_44_1","first-page":"147","volume-title":"The study of dying: From autonomy to transformation","author":"Scarre G.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Scarre G. (2009). Dying and philosophy. In Kellehear A. (Ed.), The study of dying: From autonomy to transformation (pp. 147\u2013162). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_45_1","volume-title":"Deaths of man","author":"Schneidman E. S.","year":"1973","unstructured":"Schneidman E. S. (1973). Deaths of man. New York, NY: Quadrangle Books."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_46_1","first-page":"212","volume-title":"Law, order and the authoritarian state: Readings in critical criminology","author":"Scraton P.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Scraton P., , Chadwick K. (1987a). Speaking ill of the dead: Institutionalized responses to deaths in custody. In Scraton P. (Ed.), Law, order and the authoritarian state: Readings in critical criminology (pp. 212\u2013236). Milton Keynes, England: Open University Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_47_1","volume-title":"In the arms of the law: Coroners\u2019 inquests and deaths in custody","author":"Scraton P.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Scraton P., , Chadwick K. (1987b). In the arms of the law: Coroners\u2019 inquests and deaths in custody. London, England: Pluto Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_48_1","first-page":"282","volume-title":"Life without parole: America\u2019s new death penalty?","author":"Simon J.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Simon J. (2012). Dignity and risk: The long road from Graham v. Florida to abolition of life without parole. In Ogletree C. J.Jr., , Sarat A. (Eds.), Life without parole: America\u2019s new death penalty? (pp. 282\u2013310). New York, NY: New York University Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/jj.26193180"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780198258186.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_51_1","volume-title":"Coping: Maladaptation in the prison","author":"Toch H.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Toch H., , Adams K., , Grant J. D. (1989). Coping: Maladaptation in the prison. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1525\/fsr.2010.23.1.39"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_53_1","author":"van Zyl Smit, D.","year":"2016","unstructured":"van Zyl Smit, D., , Appleton C. (2016). Life Imprisonment. West Sussex, UK: Worldwide Hart Publishing.","journal-title":"Life Imprisonment"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_54_1","unstructured":"Vinter and others v. United Kingdom. (2013). United Kingdom: ECHR."}],"container-title":["Journal of Correctional Health Care"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1078345816685070","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/1078345816685070","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1078345816685070","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T05:31:12Z","timestamp":1779168672000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/1078345816685070"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,1]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/1078345816685070"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1078345816685070","relation":{},"ISSN":["1078-3458","1940-5200"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1078-3458","type":"print"},{"value":"1940-5200","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,1]]}}}