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This study employed a narrative review and qualitative analysis of articles from the Scopus database published between 2020 and 2025. This study employed the TCCM framework to gain an in-depth understanding of scholarly articles in the field. A total of 18 articles were selected for the narrative review and further analysis. A major challenge has been identified: repressive institutional cultural practices that valued control and order over compassionate treatment and care are sustained by its colonial heritage. Moreover, the humanitarian understanding of progressive and inclusive reformation and social rehabilitation has been underdeveloped. 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(2024). Conditions of Prisons: Rajya Sabha Unstarred Question No. 1032. 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