{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T12:27:51Z","timestamp":1784636871192,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,16]],"date-time":"2022-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1655337600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100017234","name":"rita and alex hillman foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100017234","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Am Psychiatr Nurses Assoc"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Parents of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) face unique challenges in raising their children, and they are at higher risk for depression compared to parents of children with typical development (TD) and other disabilities.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>(1) To compare prevalence of depressive symptoms among mothers of children with ASD ( n = 101), Down syndrome (DS, n = 101), and TD ( n = 43) and (2) to describe the relationships among depression, self-efficacy, and family functioning, and describe the mediating role of maternal child care self-efficacy between depressive symptoms and child behavior.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this cross-sectional study, mothers completed the Social Communication Questionnaire, Aberrant Behavior Checklist, Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), Family Assessment Device General Functioning Scale, and Maternal Self-Efficacy Scale.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Mothers of children with ASD had significantly higher mean PHQ-9 scores ( p &lt; .001), higher proportion of positive depression screening ( p &lt; .001), and lower family functioning ( p &lt; .001). Better family functioning is associated with less depression, better self-efficacy, and less severe ASD symptoms and behaviors. Self-efficacy mediated the relationship between depression and child ASD symptoms, and problematic behavior.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The rates of reported history of depression and low family functioning in mothers of children with ASD are twice the rate in mothers of children with DS and TD. Maternal child care self-efficacy is protective against maternal depression, even in the presence of severe child problematic behaviors and ASD symptoms. Interventions that increase child care self-efficacy and family functioning may be helpful in addressing depression in mothers of children with ASD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/10783903221104147","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,16]],"date-time":"2022-06-16T09:24:37Z","timestamp":1655371477000},"page":"300-312","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["High Depressive Symptoms, Low Family Functioning, and Low Self-Efficacy in Mothers of Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder Compared to Two Control Groups"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2435-1465","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefanie Zavodny","family":"Jackson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Stefanie Zavodny Jackson, PhD, RN, University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Philadelphia, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer A.","family":"Pinto-Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jennifer A. Pinto-Martin, PhD MPH, University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Philadelphia, PA, USA"},{"name":"Jennifer A. Pinto-Martin, PhD MPH, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janet A.","family":"Deatrick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Janet A. Deatrick, PhD RN FAAN, University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Philadelphia, PA, USA"},{"name":"Janet A. Deatrick, PhD RN FAAN, The Children\u2019s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rhonda","family":"Boyd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rhonda Boyd, PhD, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA"},{"name":"Rhonda Boyd, PhD, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, The Children\u2019s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margaret C.","family":"Souders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Margaret C. Souders, PhD CRNP, University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Philadelphia, PA, USA"},{"name":"Margaret C. Souders, PhD CRNP, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, The Children\u2019s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-10783903221104147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1352\/0895-8017(2004)109<237:PWACIM>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"bibr2-10783903221104147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10826-008-9209-y"},{"key":"bibr3-10783903221104147","first-page":"492","volume":"89","author":"Aman M. G.","year":"1985","journal-title":"American Journal of Mental Deficiency"},{"key":"bibr4-10783903221104147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2021.04.002"},{"key":"bibr5-10783903221104147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1370\/afm.1139"},{"key":"bibr6-10783903221104147","unstructured":"Babies with down syndrome: a new parents\u2019 guide\n                      . (2008). (Skallerup S. J. 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