{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T01:43:53Z","timestamp":1782783833577,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,6]],"date-time":"2016-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1459900800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Sex Abuse"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Since the advent of the Internet, convictions for the possession, display, trading, and distribution of child sexual exploitation material (CSEM) have risen steadily, but little is known about their appropriate assessment and treatment, especially concerning their risk of reoffending. It has been suggested that a conceptual distinction of fantasy- versus contact-driven CSEM users might be of merit. Sixty-eight offenders recruited from sex offender treatment providers were assessed via an anonymous computer survey including a variety of clinical and risk-related variables; the findings showed differences in the psychological profiles between CSEM users and contact child sex offenders. Numerical and spatial methods of data analysis were used to identify subgroups of CSEM users; these confirmed the twofold distinction of fantasy- versus contact-driven offending. The spatial representation of participants identified three dimensions as crucial in the classification of these subgroups: direct sexual contact with a minor, possession of fantasy-generating material, and social contact with other users with a sexual interest in minors; potentially differentiating distinct offender subgroups with different risks and needs. The current study informed the development of an empirical model of CSEM users that could aid in the assessment of risk of reoffending and cross-over to contact sex offending.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1079063216641109","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,7]],"date-time":"2016-04-07T00:56:43Z","timestamp":1459990603000},"page":"230-253","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":66,"title":["Fantasy-Driven Versus Contact-Driven Users of Child Sexual Exploitation Material: Offender Classification and Implications for Their Risk Assessment"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Hannah L.","family":"Merdian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Lincoln, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nima","family":"Moghaddam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Lincoln, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Douglas P.","family":"Boer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nick","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Corrections, Hamilton, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jo","family":"Thakker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cate","family":"Curtis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dave","family":"Dawson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Lincoln, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","volume-title":"Treatment manual: The treatment of child molesters","author":"Abel G. G.","year":"1984","unstructured":"Abel G. G., Becker J. V., Cunningham-Rathner J., Rouleau J. L., Kaplan M., Reich J. (1984). Treatment manual: The treatment of child molesters. Atlanta, GA: Emory University."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_1","unstructured":"American Psychological Association. (2010). Ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.apa.org\/ethics\/code\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1079063210370708"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-014-0270-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avb2011.08.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jsm.12785"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2009.04.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1079063210384275"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0306624X09334942"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_1","unstructured":"Caple T. (2008). A comparison of the characteristics and motivations of abusing and non-abusing child pornography offenders (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). James Cook University Townsville Queensland Australia."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_1","unstructured":"Crown Prosecution Service. (2014). Violence against women and girls crime report 2013-14. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.cps.gov.uk\/publications\/docs\/cps_vawg_report_2014.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_1","unstructured":"Dombert B. Schmidt A. F. Banse R. Briken P. Hoyer J. Neutze J. Osterheider M. (2015). How common is men\u2019s self-reported sexual interest in prepubescent children? Journal of Sex Research 4 1-10. Retrieved from https:\/\/orbilu.uni.lu\/bitstream\/10993\/20033\/1\/Dombert_Schmidt_et_al.2015.Sexual_interest_in_children_JSR.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1079063212439426"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1079063208326929"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_1","volume-title":"The analysis of proximity data","author":"Everitt B. S.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Everitt B. S., Rabe-Heskett S. (1997). The analysis of proximity data. London, England: Arnold."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1079063214521469"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_1","volume-title":"The latent class analysis: Introduction to theory and application","author":"Formann A. K.","year":"1984","unstructured":"Formann A. K. (1984). The latent class analysis: Introduction to theory and application. Weinheim, Germany: Beltz."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13552600903428839"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_1","volume-title":"Psychopathic characteristics and sexual deviancy in pedophilic and hebephilic child pornography offenders","author":"Grundmann D.","year":"2010","unstructured":"Grundmann D., Neutze J., Beier K. M. (2010, September). Psychopathic characteristics and sexual deviancy in pedophilic and hebephilic child pornography offenders. Paper presented at the 11th IATSO Conference, Oslo, Norway."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_1","volume-title":"How should we advance our knowledge of risk assessment for internet sex offenders?","author":"Hanson R. K.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hanson R. K., Babchishin K. M. (2009, April). How should we advance our knowledge of risk assessment for internet sex offenders? Position Paper prepared for the G8 Global Symposium \u201cGlobal symposium for examining the relationship between online and offline offences and preventing the sexual exploitation of children,\u201d University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0014421"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005482921333"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_1","volume-title":"Notes on the development of the Static-2002","author":"Hanson R. K.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Hanson R. K., Thornton D. (2003). Notes on the development of the Static-2002 (User Report 2003-01). Ottawa, Ontario: Solicitor General Canada."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1079063215603690"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10683160601060564"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4135\/9781412985130"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1079063212464398"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13552600.2011.611898"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1068316X.2014.902454"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_1","first-page":"99","volume-title":"Viewing child pornography on the internet: Understanding the offence, managing the offender, helping the victims","author":"Middleton D.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Middleton D., Beech A., Mandeville-Norden R. (2005). What sort of person could do that? Psychological profiles of internet pornography users. In Quayle E., Taylor M. (Eds.), Viewing child pornography on the internet: Understanding the offence, managing the offender, helping the victims (pp. 99-107). Dorset, UK: Russell House."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13552600802673444"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1079063210382043"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11194-007-9057-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2009.01271.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5042\/jacpr.2010.0333"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/14191-000"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/lhb0000128."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1079063210369013"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13552600903572396"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_1","volume-title":"Sex offenders and the internet","author":"Sheldon K.","year":"2007","unstructured":"Sheldon K., Howitt D. (2007). Sex offenders and the internet. Chichester, UK: West Sussex."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13552600903470054"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0032258X0107400202"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_1","volume-title":"Child pornography: An internet crime","author":"Taylor M.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Taylor M., Quayle E. (2003). Child pornography: An internet crime. Hove, UK: Brunner-Routledge."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2003.tb07308.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022448308791"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1079063210375974"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11194-007-9063-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_49_1","volume-title":"Is it \u201cjust\u201d pictures? The use of polygraph with internet offenders who deny abusive sexual contact","author":"Wood J. M.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Wood J. M., Seto M. C., Flynn S., Wilson-Cotton S., Dedmon P. (2009, October). Is it \u201cjust\u201d pictures? The use of polygraph with internet offenders who deny abusive sexual contact. Poster presented at the 28th Annual Conference of the Association for the Treatment of Sexual Abusers, Dallas, TX."}],"container-title":["Sexual Abuse"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1079063216641109","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/1079063216641109","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1079063216641109","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T02:37:31Z","timestamp":1777689451000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/1079063216641109"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,6]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/1079063216641109"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1079063216641109","relation":{},"ISSN":["1079-0632","1573-286X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1079-0632","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-286X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,6]]}}}