{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T19:47:48Z","timestamp":1793216868144,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,1]],"date-time":"2017-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1504224000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Sex Abuse"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The aim of the present study was to (a) assess the reliability with which indecent images of children (IIOC) are classified as being of an indecent versus nonindecent nature, and (b) examine in detail the decision-making process engaged in by law enforcement personnel who undertake the difficult task of identifying and classifying IIOC as per the current legislative offense categories. One experienced researcher and four employees from a police force in the United Kingdom coded an extensive amount of IIOC (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 1,212-2,233) to determine if they (a) were deemed to be of an indecent nature, and (b) depicted a child. Interrater reliability analyses revealed both considerable agreement and disagreement across coders, which were followed up with two focus groups involving the four employees. The first entailed a general discussion of the aspects that made such material more or less difficult to identify; the second focused around images where there had been either agreement (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 20) or disagreement (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 36) across coders that the images were of an indecent nature. Using thematic analysis, a number of factors apparent within IIOC were revealed to make the determination of youthfulness and indecency significantly more challenging for coders, with most relating to the developmental stage of the victim and the ambiguity of the context of an image. Findings are discussed in light of their implications for the identification of victims of ongoing sexual exploitation\/abuse, the assessment and treatment of individuals in possession of IIOC, as well as the practice of policing and sentencing this type of offending behavior.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1079063217724768","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,2]],"date-time":"2017-09-02T02:41:16Z","timestamp":1504320076000},"page":"173-196","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["The Challenges of Identifying and Classifying Child Sexual Abuse Material"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Juliane A.","family":"Kloess","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Birmingham, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Woodhams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Birmingham, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helen","family":"Whittle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Birmingham, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tim","family":"Grant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aston University, Birmingham, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine E.","family":"Hamilton-Giachritsis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Bath, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-014-0270-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1191\/1478088706qp063oa"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_1","volume-title":"Code of ethics and conduct","author":"British Psychological Society","year":"2009","unstructured":"British Psychological Society. 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