{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T17:32:40Z","timestamp":1790789560142,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,26]],"date-time":"2018-10-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1540512000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Sex Abuse"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This article describes an evaluation of the effects of an early version (1991-2001) of Rockwood\u2019s prison-based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy\/Risk\u2013Needs\u2013Responsivity (CBT\/RNR) sex offender program that had emerging elements of a strength-based approach. This program was implemented under contract to Correctional Service of Canada (CSC) and continued to evolve in response to emerging evidence until it closed in 2013. Thus, the program as evaluated here did not involve a fixed approach as did the comparison CSC program (hereafter referred to as SOTP). Long-term reoffense data, from Rockwood\u2019s program ( n = 579), were compared with SOTP ( n = 625) and with a group of untreated men ( n = 107) sentenced for sex offenses. A modified brief actuarial risk scale (BARS-M) was used to control for baseline risk among the three groups, along with additional controls for age at release, victim type, and individual differences in the length of long-term follow-up period. Both treatment groups displayed lower rates of both sexual and violent reoffending when compared with the no-treatment offenders. Overall, the Rockwood program generated the lowest recidivism rates. The results demonstrate that prison-based sex offense\u2013specific treatment can be effective. We discuss the strengths and limitations of the current design through the Collaborative Outcome Data Committee\u2019s guidelines.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1079063218807486","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,26]],"date-time":"2018-10-26T10:33:38Z","timestamp":1540550018000},"page":"127-153","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":73,"title":["A Long-Term Outcome Assessment of the Effects on Subsequent Reoffense Rates of a Prison-Based CBT\/RNR Sex Offender Treatment Program With Strength-Based Elements"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"M. E.","family":"Olver","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L. E.","family":"Marshall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rockwood Psychological Services, Kingston, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"Waypoint Centre for Mental Health Care, Penetanguishene, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W. L.","family":"Marshall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rockwood Psychological Services, Kingston, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T. P.","family":"Nicholaichuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1079063218807486","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13552600903511980"},{"key":"bibr2-1079063218807486","volume-title":"The psychology of criminal conduct","author":"Andrews D. A.","year":"2010","edition":"5"},{"key":"bibr3-1079063218807486","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0093854890017001004"},{"key":"bibr4-1079063218807486","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-9125.1990.tb01330.x"},{"key":"bibr5-1079063218807486","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-015-0627-7"},{"key":"bibr6-1079063218807486","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/107906320501700204"},{"key":"bibr7-1079063218807486","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0013035"},{"key":"bibr8-1079063218807486","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-0852(199811\/12)7:6<402::AID-CAR530>3.0.CO;2-9"},{"key":"bibr9-1079063218807486","volume-title":"Guidelines for the evaluation of sexual offender treatment outcome research: Part 2: CODC guidelines","author":"Collaborative Outcome Data Committee","year":"2007"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr10-1079063218807486","first-page":"1","volume":"6","author":"Corabian P.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sexual Offender Treatment"},{"key":"bibr11-1079063218807486","author":"Correctional Service of Canada","year":"1996","journal-title":"Standards and guidelines for the provision of services to sex offenders"},{"key":"bibr12-1079063218807486","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858"},{"key":"bibr13-1079063218807486","unstructured":"Dickie I. (2003). An investigation of factors that influence treatment responsibility in incarcerated high-risk rapists (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada."},{"key":"bibr14-1079063218807486","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1079063209338490"},{"key":"bibr15-1079063218807486","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0093854809338545"},{"key":"bibr16-1079063218807486","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0087220"},{"key":"bibr17-1079063218807486","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/107906320201400207"},{"key":"bibr18-1079063218807486","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0014421"},{"key":"bibr19-1079063218807486","volume-title":"Static-99 coding rules revised\u20142003","author":"Harris A.","year":"2003"},{"key":"bibr20-1079063218807486","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1079063211409951"},{"key":"bibr21-1079063218807486","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.F4630"},{"key":"bibr22-1079063218807486","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470939338"},{"key":"bibr23-1079063218807486","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/088626000015003004"},{"key":"bibr24-1079063218807486","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11292-004-6466-7"},{"key":"bibr25-1079063218807486","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-5690-2_352"},{"key":"bibr26-1079063218807486","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13552600.2012.703701"},{"key":"bibr27-1079063218807486","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/107906320501700108"},{"key":"bibr28-1079063218807486","volume-title":"Paper presented at the 27th annual conference of the Association for the Treatment of Sexual Abusers (ATSA)","author":"Marshall L.E.","year":"2008"},{"key":"bibr29-1079063218807486","volume-title":"Cognitive behavioural treatment of sexual offenders","author":"Marshall W. L.","year":"1999"},{"key":"bibr30-1079063218807486","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4899-1916-8"},{"key":"bibr31-1079063218807486","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1359-1789(01)00065-9"},{"key":"bibr32-1079063218807486","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/JCP-04-2017-0021"},{"key":"bibr33-1079063218807486","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/12310-000"},{"key":"bibr34-1079063218807486","volume-title":"The Wiley handbook of offender desistance from aggression and crime: Theory, research, and evidence-based practice","author":"Marshall W. L."},{"key":"bibr35-1079063218807486","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0306624X04268351"},{"key":"bibr36-1079063218807486","volume-title":"Current practices and emerging trends in sexual abuse management","author":"McGrath R. J.","year":"2010"},{"key":"bibr37-1079063218807486","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-9739-8"},{"key":"bibr38-1079063218807486","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/107906320001200205"},{"key":"bibr39-1079063218807486","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1079063213492340"},{"key":"bibr40-1079063218807486","volume-title":"Learning and behavior therapy","author":"O\u2019Donohue W.","year":"1998"},{"key":"bibr41-1079063218807486","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1079063212464399"},{"key":"bibr42-1079063218807486","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10683160903318876"},{"key":"bibr43-1079063218807486","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10979-005-6832-7"},{"key":"bibr44-1079063218807486","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11292-015-9241-z"},{"key":"bibr45-1079063218807486","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0306624X04263885"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr46-1079063218807486","first-page":"2","volume":"29","author":"Seligman M. E. P.","year":"1998","journal-title":"APA Monitor"},{"key":"bibr47-1079063218807486","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/088626099014012001"},{"key":"bibr48-1079063218807486","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.2160588"},{"key":"bibr49-1079063218807486","volume-title":"Handbook of positive psychology","author":"Snyder C. R.","year":"2005"},{"key":"bibr50-1079063218807486","volume-title":"Contemporary behavior therapy","author":"Spiegler M. D.","year":"1998","edition":"3"},{"key":"bibr51-1079063218807486","volume-title":"Forensic CBT: A practitioner\u2019s guide","author":"Tafrate R.","year":"2014"},{"key":"bibr52-1079063218807486","first-page":"2","volume":"2","author":"Ware J.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sexual Abuse in Australia and New Zealand"}],"container-title":["Sexual Abuse"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1079063218807486","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/1079063218807486","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1079063218807486","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T02:38:07Z","timestamp":1777689487000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/1079063218807486"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,26]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/1079063218807486"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1079063218807486","relation":{},"ISSN":["1079-0632","1573-286X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1079-0632","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-286X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,26]]}}}