{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T06:47:50Z","timestamp":1784789270553,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,27]],"date-time":"2019-08-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1566864000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"State Ministry of Justice of Bavaria"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Sex Abuse"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Although there is less continuity of sexual offending in the life course than stereotypes suggest, treatment should lead to a further reduction of reoffending. Contrary to this aim, a recent large British study using propensity score matching (PSM) showed some negative effects of the core sex offender treatment program (SOTP) in prisons. International meta-analyses on the effects of sex offender treatment revealed that there is considerable variety in the results, and methodological aspects and the context play a significant role. Therefore, this study compared different designs in the evaluation of sex offender treatment in German prisons. PSM was compared with an exact matching (EM) by the Static-99 in a sample of 693 sex offenders from Bavarian prisons. Most results were similar for both methods and not significant due to low base rates. There was a treatment effect at p &lt; .05 on general recidivism in the EM and at p = .06 on serious reoffending in the PSM. For sexual recidivism, EM showed a negative trend, whereas PSM suggested the opposite. Overall, the study underlines the need for more replications of evaluations of routine practice, methodological comparisons, sensitive outcome criteria, and differentiated policy information.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1079063219871576","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,27]],"date-time":"2019-08-27T03:25:46Z","timestamp":1566876346000},"page":"452-475","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":57,"title":["On the Effectiveness of Sexual Offender Treatment in Prisons: A Comparison of Two Different Evaluation Designs in Routine Practice"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Friedrich","family":"L\u00f6sel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Psychology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg, Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Criminology, University of Cambridge, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0257-6420","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eva","family":"Link","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Psychology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Schmucker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Psychology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Doris","family":"Bender","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Psychology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maike","family":"Breuer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Criminological Research Unit of the Bavarian Ministry of Justice, Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lena","family":"Carl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Psychology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johann","family":"Endres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Criminological Research Unit of the Bavarian Ministry of Justice, Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lora","family":"Lauchs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Psychology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1079063219871576","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13552600903511980"},{"key":"bibr2-1079063219871576","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00273171.2011.568786"},{"key":"bibr3-1079063219871576","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.2580"},{"key":"bibr4-1079063219871576","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.6607"},{"key":"bibr5-1079063219871576","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/533452a"},{"key":"bibr6-1079063219871576","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118900772.etrds0362"},{"key":"bibr7-1079063219871576","unstructured":"Breuer M., Endres J. (2016). Recidivism of treated and untreated sexual offenders released from Bavarian prisons between 2004 and 2009. Unpublished manuscript."},{"key":"bibr8-1079063219871576","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwj149"},{"key":"bibr9-1079063219871576","author":"Carl L.","year":"2019","journal-title":"\u201cBenchmarking\u201d in der Sozialtherapie: Vergleiche zwischen sozialtherapeutischen Abteilungen f\u00fcr Sexualstraft\u00e4ter in Bayern"},{"key":"bibr10-1079063219871576","volume-title":"Predicting attrition and engagement in the treatment of young offenders","author":"Carl L.","year":"2019"},{"key":"bibr11-1079063219871576","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1079063209338490"},{"key":"bibr12-1079063219871576","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11292-018-9337-3"},{"key":"bibr13-1079063219871576","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1049731509335549"},{"key":"bibr14-1079063219871576","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260503253236"},{"key":"bibr15-1079063219871576","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1079063215585731"},{"key":"bibr16-1079063219871576","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1079063212459085"},{"key":"bibr17-1079063219871576","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-4018-5"},{"key":"bibr18-1079063219871576","unstructured":"Haas S. (2014). Beurteiler\u00fcbereinstimmung und -reliabilit\u00e4t des vom Kriminologischen Dienst des Bayerischen Justizvollzugs erstellten Erhebungsbogens f\u00fcr Sexualstraft\u00e4ter. Ein Untersuchungsinstrument zur Analyse von R\u00fcckfalldeterminanten [Interrater-agreement and -reliability of a data entry form for sexual offenders developed by the Bavarian Prison Service Research Center]. (Unpublished master\u2019s thesis). Leopold-Franzens-Universit\u00e4t, Innsbruck, Austria."},{"key":"bibr19-1079063219871576","unstructured":"Hanson R. K. (2010, September). Meta-analysis of treatment outcome in sexual offenders. Paper presented at the 11th Conference of the International Association for the Treatment of Sexual Offenders, Oslo, Norway. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.iatso.org\/images\/stories\/pdfs\/hanson_r.k._iatso_2010_meta-analysis_of_treatment_outcome_in_sexual_offenders.pdf"},{"key":"bibr20-1079063219871576","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0093854809338545"},{"key":"bibr21-1079063219871576","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.66.2.348"},{"key":"bibr22-1079063219871576","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.73.6.1154"},{"key":"bibr23-1079063219871576","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0014421"},{"key":"bibr24-1079063219871576","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005482921333"},{"key":"bibr25-1079063219871576","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1079063211409951"},{"key":"bibr26-1079063219871576","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ho D. K. (2015). Ineffective treatment of sex offenders fails victims. British Medical Journal, 350, h199. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.bmj.com\/content\/350\/bmj.h199","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.h199"},{"key":"bibr27-1079063219871576","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cbm.1818"},{"key":"bibr28-1079063219871576","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jann B. (2017). Why propensity scores should be used for matching. Paper presented at the German Stata Users Group Meeting, Berlin, Germany. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.stata.com\/meeting\/germany17\/slides\/Germany17_Jann.pdf","DOI":"10.1177\/1536867X1701700102"},{"key":"bibr29-1079063219871576","volume-title":"Innovations and advancements in sex offender research","author":"Jennings W. G.","year":"2015"},{"key":"bibr30-1079063219871576","unstructured":"King G., Nielsen R. (2016). Why propensity scores should not be used for matching (Working Paper). Retrieved from http:\/\/j.mp\/2ovYGsW"},{"key":"bibr31-1079063219871576","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koehler J. A., L\u00f6sel F. (2015). A differentiated view on the effects of sex offender treatment. British Medical Journal (eLetter). Retrieved from https:\/\/www.bmj.com\/content\/350\/bmj.h199\/rr-0","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.h199"},{"key":"bibr32-1079063219871576","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1745-9133.12345"},{"key":"bibr33-1079063219871576","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.lawsocsci.3.081806.112833"},{"key":"bibr34-1079063219871576","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470661444.ch4"},{"key":"bibr35-1079063219871576","first-page":"141","volume-title":"Doing research on crime and justice","author":"L\u00f6sel F.","year":"2007"},{"key":"bibr36-1079063219871576","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/he\/9780199590278.003.0033"},{"key":"bibr37-1079063219871576","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11292-017-9297-z"},{"key":"bibr38-1079063219871576","first-page":"181","volume-title":"Therapeutic communities for offenders","author":"L\u00f6sel F.","year":"1997"},{"key":"bibr39-1079063219871576","volume-title":"Paper Presented at the 70th Annual Conference of the American Society of Criminology","author":"L\u00f6sel F.","year":"2014"},{"key":"bibr40-1079063219871576","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-86017-1_21"},{"key":"bibr41-1079063219871576","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11292-004-6466-7"},{"key":"bibr42-1079063219871576","first-page":"392","volume-title":"The Oxford handbook on sex offences and sex offenders","author":"L\u00f6sel F.","year":"2017"},{"key":"bibr43-1079063219871576","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0193841X05275596"},{"key":"bibr44-1079063219871576","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cbm.1821"},{"key":"bibr45-1079063219871576","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4899-1916-8_4"},{"key":"bibr46-1079063219871576","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/107906320501700108"},{"key":"bibr47-1079063219871576","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/107906320701900207"},{"key":"bibr48-1079063219871576","unstructured":"Marshall W., Marshall L. (2010). Can treatment be effective with sexual offenders or does it do harm? A response to Hanson (2010) and Rice (2010). Retrieved from http:\/\/www.sexual-offender-treatment.org\/87.html"},{"key":"bibr49-1079063219871576","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1541204008320260"},{"key":"bibr50-1079063219871576","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0002716202250781"},{"key":"bibr51-1079063219871576","unstructured":"Mews A., Di Bella L., Purver M. (2017). Impact evaluation of the prison-based core sex offender treatment programme (Ministry of Justice Analytical Series). London, England. Retrieved from https:\/\/assets.publishing.service.gov.uk\/government\/uploads\/system\/uploads\/attachment_data\/file\/623876\/sotp-report-web-pdf"},{"key":"bibr52-1079063219871576","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bjps\/23.2.170"},{"key":"bibr53-1079063219871576","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-criminol-011518-024838"},{"key":"bibr54-1079063219871576","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/107906320401600304"},{"key":"bibr55-1079063219871576","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1079063212464399"},{"key":"bibr56-1079063219871576","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aac4716"},{"key":"bibr57-1079063219871576","first-page":"270","volume-title":"Handbook of psychotherapy and behavior change","author":"Orlinsky D. E.","year":"1994"},{"key":"bibr58-1079063219871576","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13552609608413253"},{"key":"bibr59-1079063219871576","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0093854813492518"},{"key":"bibr60-1079063219871576","unstructured":"Rice M. E. (2010, September). Treatment for adult sex offenders: May we reject the null hypothesis? Paper Presented at the 11th Conference of the International Association for the Treatment of Sexual Offenders, Oslo, Norway. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.iatso.org\/images\/stories\/pdfs\/rice_m.e._iatso_2010_treatment_for_adult_sex_offenders_may_we_reject_the_null-hypothesis.pdf"},{"key":"bibr61-1079063219871576","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2003.tb07323.x"},{"key":"bibr62-1079063219871576","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.3138\/cjpe.06.007","volume":"6","author":"Rice M. E.","year":"1991","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Program Evaluation"},{"key":"bibr63-1079063219871576","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/70.1.41"},{"key":"bibr64-1079063219871576","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00031305.1985.10479383"},{"key":"bibr65-1079063219871576","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0890-6238(93)90242-Y"},{"key":"bibr66-1079063219871576","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11292-015-9241-z"},{"key":"bibr67-1079063219871576","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schmucker M., L\u00f6sel F. (2017). Sexual offender treatment for reducing recidivism among convicted sex offenders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Campbell Systematic Reviews, 13. Retrieved from https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.4073\/csr.2017.8","DOI":"10.4073\/csr.2017.8"},{"key":"bibr68-1079063219871576","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/mks-2012-950403"},{"key":"bibr69-1079063219871576","volume-title":"Pedophilia and sexual offending against children: Theory, assessment, and intervention","author":"Seto M. C.","year":"2018","edition":"2"},{"key":"bibr70-1079063219871576","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1079063208317733"},{"key":"bibr71-1079063219871576","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470661444"},{"key":"bibr72-1079063219871576","unstructured":"Smallbone S., McHugh M. (2010). Outcomes of Queensland corrective services sexual offender treatment programs. Final Report. Brisbane, Queensland: Queensland Government."},{"key":"bibr73-1079063219871576","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1079063214535817"},{"key":"bibr74-1079063219871576","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1214\/09-STS313"},{"key":"bibr75-1079063219871576","first-page":"70","volume":"1","author":"Ware J.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sexual Abuse in Australia and New Zealand"},{"key":"bibr76-1079063219871576","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000271620157800104"},{"key":"bibr77-1079063219871576","first-page":"193","volume-title":"What works in crime prevention and rehabilitation: Lessons from systematic reviews","author":"Wilson D.","year":"2017"},{"key":"bibr78-1079063219871576","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-4733.2009.00671.x"}],"container-title":["Sexual Abuse"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1079063219871576","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/1079063219871576","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1079063219871576","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T02:38:22Z","timestamp":1777689502000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/1079063219871576"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,27]]},"references-count":78,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/1079063219871576"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1079063219871576","relation":{},"ISSN":["1079-0632","1573-286X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1079-0632","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-286X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,27]]}}}