{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T05:20:41Z","timestamp":1792819241899,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,13]],"date-time":"2020-07-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1594598400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Sex Abuse"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Although many instruments have been validated to assess risk of sexual recidivism among men, no similar tool exists for women who have sexually offended. As a result, some jurisdictions use male-based instruments to assess women despite the lack of validation research examining the predictive utility for this subgroup. This study examined the utility of the Static-99R in predicting sexual recidivism among women. Based on a sample of 739 women convicted of sexual offenses in Texas, findings show that the total score was not significantly associated with sexual recidivism. When looking at individual items, other than a history of prior sexual offenses and noncontact sexual offenses, no item of the Static-99R was significantly associated with sexual recidivism among women. Furthermore, only three items (female victims\/solo offender, 4+ sentencing dates, and having not lived with a romantic other for 2+ years) were significantly associated with nonsexual recidivism. These findings indicate that the Static-99R is not suitable to assess risk of recidivism among women convicted of sexual offenses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1079063220940303","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,13]],"date-time":"2020-07-13T17:40:32Z","timestamp":1594662032000},"page":"631-653","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["The Static-99R Is Not Valid For Women: Predictive Validity in 739 Females Who Have Sexually Offended"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8600-6336","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ethan","family":"Marshall","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Holly A.","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Franca","family":"Cortoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Qu\u00e9bec, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L. Maaike","family":"Helmus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1079063220940303","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychological Association. (2013). Specialty guidelines for forensic psychology. American Psychologist, 68, 7\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0029889","DOI":"10.1037\/a0029889"},{"key":"bibr2-1079063220940303","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andrews D. A., Guzzo L., Raynor P., Rowe R. C., Rettinger L. J., Brews A., Wormith J. S. (2012). Are the major risk\/need factors predictive of both female and male reoffending? A test with the eight domains of the Level of Service\/Case Management Inventory. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 56, 113\u2013133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0306624X10395716","DOI":"10.1177\/0306624X10395716"},{"key":"bibr3-1079063220940303","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bader S. M., Welsh R., Scalora M. J. (2010). Recidivism among female child molesters. Violence and Victims, 25(3), 349\u2013362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1891\/0886-6708.25.3.349","DOI":"10.1891\/0886-6708.25.3.349"},{"key":"bibr4-1079063220940303","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470713013"},{"key":"bibr5-1079063220940303","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Block C. R., Blokland A. A., van der Werff C., van Os R., Nieuwbeerta P. (2010). Long-term patterns of offending in women. Feminist Criminology, 5, 73\u2013107. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1557085109356520","DOI":"10.1177\/1557085109356520"},{"key":"bibr6-1079063220940303","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boccaccini M. T., Murrie D. C., Mercado C., Quesada S., Hawes S., Rice A. K., Jeglic E. L. (2012). Implications of Static-99 field reliability findings for score use and reporting. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 39, 42\u201358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0093854811427131","DOI":"10.1177\/0093854811427131"},{"key":"bibr7-1079063220940303","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boccaccini M. T., Rice A. K., Helmus L. M., Murrie D. C., Harris P. B. (2017). Field validity of Static-99\/R scores in a statewide sample of 34,687 convicted sexual offenders. Psychological Assessment, 29, 611\u2013623. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/pas0000377","DOI":"10.1037\/pas0000377"},{"key":"bibr8-1079063220940303","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470743386"},{"key":"bibr9-1079063220940303","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bourgon G., Mugford R., Hanson R. K., Coligado M. (2018). Offender risk assessment practices vary across Canada. 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