{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T04:10:40Z","timestamp":1791519040201,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,22]],"date-time":"2020-08-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1598054400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Sex Abuse"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The Static-99R has been recommended for use as a first global screen for sorting out sex-convicted persons who are in need of further risk assessment. This study investigated the Static-99R\u2019s predictive validity based on a nonselected Norwegian sample ( n = 858) of persons released from prison after having served a sex crime sentence. After a mean observation period of 2,183 days, 3.4% ( n = 29) had recidivated to a new sex offense. A higher number of recidivists were found among those with higher Static-99R total scores. The predictive contribution from each of the ten Static-99R risk items was investigated using standard logistic regression, proportional hazard regression, and random forest classification algorithm. The overall results indicate that the Static-99R is relevant as a risk screen in a Norwegian context, providing similar results concerning predictive accuracy as previous studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1079063220951194","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,22]],"date-time":"2020-08-22T06:52:27Z","timestamp":1598079147000},"page":"725-742","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Testing the Static-99R as a Global Screen for Risk of Sex Crime Recidivism in a Norwegian Routine Sample"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6112-3798","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ingeborg Jenssen","family":"Sandbukt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Oslo University Hospital, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Torbj\u00f8rn","family":"Skardhamar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ragnar","family":"Kristoffersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University College of Norwegian Correctional Service, Lillestr\u00f8m, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8393-1211","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christine","family":"Friestad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oslo University Hospital, Norway"},{"name":"University College of Norwegian Correctional Service, Lillestr\u00f8m, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1079063220951194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andersen S. N., Skardhamar T. (2015). Pick a number: Mapping recidivism measures and their consequences. Crime & Delinquency, 63(5), 613\u2013635. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0011128715570629","DOI":"10.1177\/0011128715570629"},{"key":"bibr2-1079063220951194","volume-title":"The psychology of criminal conduct","author":"Andrews D. A.","year":"2010","edition":"5"},{"key":"bibr3-1079063220951194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Babischin K. M., Blais J., Helmus L. (2012). Do static risk factors predict differently for aboriginal sex offenders? A multi-site comparison using the original and revised Static-99 and Static-2002 Scales. Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice, 54(1), 1\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3138\/cjccj.2010.E.40","DOI":"10.3138\/cjccj.2010.E.40"},{"key":"bibr4-1079063220951194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bengtson S. (2008). Is newer better? A cross-validation of the Static-2002 and the Risk Matrix 2000 in a Danish sample of sexual offenders. Psychology, Crime & Law, 14(2), 85\u2013106. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10683160701483104","DOI":"10.1080\/10683160701483104"},{"key":"bibr5-1079063220951194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-44048-4"},{"key":"bibr6-1079063220951194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brankley A. E., Babchishin K. M., Hanson R. K. (2019). STABLE-2007 demonstrates predictive and incremental validity in assessing risk-relevant propensities for sexual offending: A meta-analysis. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1079063219871572","DOI":"10.1177\/1079063219871572"},{"key":"bibr7-1079063220951194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Campbell T. W. (2003). Sex offenders and actuarial risk assessments: Ethical considerations. Behavioral Sciences & the Law, 21(2), 269\u2013279. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/bsl.530","DOI":"10.1002\/bsl.530"},{"key":"bibr8-1079063220951194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Craig L. A., Browne K. D., Stringer I. (2004). Comparing sex offender risk assessment measures on a UK sample. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 48(1), 7\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0306624X03257243","DOI":"10.1177\/0306624X03257243"},{"key":"bibr9-1079063220951194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Vogel V., de Ruiter C., van Beek D., Mead G. (2004). Predictive validity of the SVR-20 and Static-99 in a Dutch sample of treated sex offenders. Law and Human Behavior, 28(3), 235\u2013251. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/b:lahu.0000029137.41974.eb","DOI":"10.1023\/B:LAHU.0000029137.41974.eb"},{"key":"bibr10-1079063220951194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dowden C., Andrews D. A. (2004). The importance of staff practice in delivering effective correctional treatment: A meta-analytic review of core correctional practice. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 48(2), 203\u2013214. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0306624X03257765","DOI":"10.1177\/0306624X03257765"},{"key":"bibr11-1079063220951194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duwe G., Rocque M. (2018). The home-field advantage and the perils of professional judgment: Evaluating the performance of the Static-99R and the MnSOST-3 in predicting sexual recidivism. Law and Human Behavior, 42(3), 269\u2013279. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/lhb0000277","DOI":"10.1037\/lhb0000277"},{"key":"bibr12-1079063220951194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eher R., Rettenberger M., Gaunersdorfer K., Haubner-MacLean T., Matthes A., Schilling F., Mokros A. (2013). \u00dcber die Treffsicherheit der standardisierten Risikoeinsch\u00e4tzungsverfahren Static-99 und Stable-2007 bei aus einer Sicherungsma\u00dfnahme entlassenen Sexualstraft\u00e4tern [On the accuracy of the standardized risk assessment procedures Static-99 and Stable-2007 for sexual offenders released from detention]. Forensische Psychiatrie, Psychologie, Kriminologie, 7(4), 264\u2013272. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11757-013-0212-9","DOI":"10.1007\/s11757-013-0212-9"},{"key":"bibr13-1079063220951194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gon\u00e7alves L. C., Gerth J., Rossegger A., Noll T., Endrass J. (2020). Predictive validity of the Static-99 and Static-99R in Switzerland. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 32(2), 203\u2013219. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1079063218821117","DOI":"10.1177\/1079063218821117"},{"key":"bibr14-1079063220951194","author":"Graunb\u00f8l H. 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What sexual recidivism rates are associated with Static-99R and Static-2002R scores? Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 28(3), 218\u2013252. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1079063215574710","DOI":"10.1177\/1079063215574710"},{"key":"bibr25-1079063220951194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Helmus L. M., Babchishin K. M. (2016). Primer on risk assessment and the statistics used to evaluate its accuracy. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 44(1), 8\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0093854816678898","DOI":"10.1177\/0093854816678898"},{"key":"bibr26-1079063220951194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Helmus L. M., Thornton D. (2015). Stability and predictive and incremental accuracy of the individual items of Static-99R and Static-2002R in predicting sexual recidivism: A meta-analysis. 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Archives of Sexual Behavior, 46(4), 861\u2013864. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10508-017-0972-y","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-017-0972-y"},{"key":"bibr30-1079063220951194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L\u00e5ngstr\u00f6m N. (2004). Accuracy of actuarial procedures for assessment of sexual offender recidivism risk may vary across ethnicity. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 16(2), 107\u2013120. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/107906320401600202","DOI":"10.1023\/B:SEBU.0000023060.61402.07"},{"key":"bibr31-1079063220951194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee S. C., Hanson R. K. (2017). Similar predictive accuracy of the Static-99R risk tool for White, Black, and Hispanic sex offenders in California. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 44(9), 1125\u20131140. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0093854817711477","DOI":"10.1177\/0093854817711477"},{"key":"bibr32-1079063220951194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leguizamo A., Lee S. C., Jeglic E. L., Calkins C. (2017). Utility of the Static-99 and Static-99R with Latino sex offenders. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 29(8), 765\u2013785. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1079063215618377","DOI":"10.1177\/1079063215618377"},{"key":"bibr33-1079063220951194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mossman D. (1994). Assessing predictions of violence: Being accurate about accuracy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 62(4), 783\u2013792. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-006X.62.4.783","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0022-006X.62.4.783"},{"key":"bibr34-1079063220951194","volume-title":"Static-99R coding rules: Revised\u20132016","author":"Phenix A.","year":"2016"},{"key":"bibr35-1079063220951194","unstructured":"Phenix A., Helmus L., Hanson R. K. (2016). Static-99R and Static-2002R evaluator\u2019s workbook. www.static99.org"},{"key":"bibr36-1079063220951194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schmidt S., Pettke O., Lehmann R. J. B., Dahle K.P. (2017). Sexualstraft\u00e4ter ohne und mit Migrationshintergrund aus dem Nahen Osten und Nordafrika: Tatverhalvten und R\u00fcckfallprognose [Sexual offenders with and without a migration background from the Middle East and North Africa: Crime scene behavior and risk assessment]. Forensische Psychiatrie, Psychologie, Kriminologie, 11(4), 322\u2013334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11757-017-0441-4","DOI":"10.1007\/s11757-017-0441-4"},{"key":"bibr37-1079063220951194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sj\u00f6stedt G., L\u00e5ngstr\u00f6m N. (2001). Actuarial assessment of sex offender recidivism risk: A cross-validation of the RRASOR and the Static-99 in Sweden. Law and Human Behavior, 25(6), 629\u2013645. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/A:1012758307983","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1012758307983"},{"key":"bibr38-1079063220951194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smallbone S., Rallings M. (2013). Short-term predictive validity of the Static-99 and Static-99-R for indigenous and nonindigenous Australian sexual offenders. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 25(3), 302\u2013316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1079063212472937","DOI":"10.1177\/1079063212472937"},{"key":"bibr39-1079063220951194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smid W. J., Kamphuis J. H., Wever E. C., van Beek D. J. (2014). A comparison of the predictive properties of nine sex offender risk assessment instruments. Psychological Assessment, 26(3), 691\u2013703. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0036616","DOI":"10.1037\/a0036616"},{"issue":"3","key":"bibr40-1079063220951194","first-page":"400","volume":"38","author":"Sreenivasan S.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Online"},{"key":"bibr41-1079063220951194","unstructured":"Statistics Norway. (2017). Table 10557: Discharges, by type of imprisonment, group of principal offence, type of principal offence and sex. Absolute figures 2002\u20132018. https:\/\/www.ssb.no\/en\/statbank\/table\/10557"},{"key":"bibr42-1079063220951194","unstructured":"Statistics Norway. (2018). Table 10622: Sanctions, by type of sanction, group of principal offence and type of principal offence. Absolute figures 2002\u20132018. https:\/\/www.ssb.no\/en\/statbank\/table\/10622"},{"key":"bibr43-1079063220951194","volume-title":"UK prison population statistics","author":"Sturge G.","year":"2018"},{"key":"bibr44-1079063220951194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsao I. T., Chu C. M. (2019). An exploratory study of recidivism risk assessment instruments for individuals convicted of sexual offenses in Singapore. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1079063219884575","DOI":"10.1177\/1079063219884575"},{"key":"bibr45-1079063220951194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Varela J. G., Boccaccini M. T., Murrie D. C., Caperton J. D., Gonzalez E. (2013). Do the Static-99 and Static-99R perform similarly for White, Black, and Latino sexual offenders? International Journal of Forensic Mental Health, 12(4), 231\u2013243. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14999013.2013.846950","DOI":"10.1080\/14999013.2013.846950"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1177\/1079063220973512","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,6]],"date-time":"2020-11-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604620800000}}],"container-title":["Sexual Abuse"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1079063220951194","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/1079063220951194","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1079063220951194","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T02:38:35Z","timestamp":1777689515000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/1079063220951194"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,22]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/1079063220951194"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1079063220951194","relation":{},"ISSN":["1079-0632","1573-286X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1079-0632","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-286X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,22]]}}}