{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T22:48:59Z","timestamp":1777934939734,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,4]],"date-time":"2022-07-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656892800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Sex Abuse"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Sexual violence severity has long been viewed as a critical factor of sex offending. However, the criminological viewpoints on sexual violence severity have not received much attention, especially in the Chinese context. By integrating general-criminogenic (inhibitory mechanisms) and specific sex offending (learning mechanisms and contextual factors) perspectives, the current study links the propositions of social control (bonds) theory, self-control theory, differential association theory, and the integrated theory of sex offending, proposing a general-specific model for sexual violence severity. Survey data was collected from 250 Chinese offenders who committed sexual offenses against adults. The mediation analysis found that deviant peer association fully mediates the effects of social control and low self-control on sexual violence severity. The moderation analysis showed that substance abuse exaggerates the impact of deviant peer association on sexual violence severity, while sex purchasing mitigates this relationship. This general-specific model may expand our current understanding of sexual violence severity from both criminological and psychological perspectives.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/10790632221112656","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,4]],"date-time":"2022-07-04T14:10:33Z","timestamp":1656943833000},"page":"830-856","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Examining Sexual Crime Severity in China: A General-Specific Model on Sex Offending Against Adults"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"You","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Monash University, Clayton, AU-VIC, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Boyang","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"People\u2019s Public Security University of China, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5679-196X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivan Y.","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian National University, Canberra, AU-ACT, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lennon Y. C.","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Monash University, Clayton, AU-VIC, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-10790632221112656","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13552600.2017.1334967"},{"key":"bibr2-10790632221112656","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01268629"},{"key":"bibr3-10790632221112656","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/IJWH.S17016"},{"key":"bibr4-10790632221112656","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/s41300-017-0026-3"},{"key":"bibr5-10790632221112656","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(79)90036-6"},{"key":"bibr6-10790632221112656","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.51.6.1173"},{"key":"bibr7-10790632221112656","volume-title":"Sexual violence surveillance: Uniform definitions and recommended data elements, version 2.0","author":"Basile K. C.","year":"2014"},{"key":"bibr8-10790632221112656","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/107906320701900204"},{"key":"bibr9-10790632221112656","volume-title":"It\u2019s wrong-but you get used to it\u201d: A qualitative study of gang-associated sexual violence towards, and exploitation of, young people in England","author":"Beckett H.","year":"2013"},{"key":"bibr10-10790632221112656","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avb.2003.08.002"},{"key":"bibr11-10790632221112656","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1891\/vivi.2003.18.1.87"},{"key":"bibr12-10790632221112656","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-23645-8_4"},{"key":"bibr13-10790632221112656","volume-title":"Manual for the sexual violence risk scale-20. Obtainable from the mental health","author":"Boer D. P.","year":"1997"},{"key":"bibr14-10790632221112656","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838008327260"},{"key":"bibr15-10790632221112656","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bsl.2528"},{"key":"bibr16-10790632221112656","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1079063220981889"},{"key":"bibr17-10790632221112656","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrimjus.2020.101703"},{"key":"bibr19-10790632221112656","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1874945300801010005"},{"key":"bibr20-10790632221112656","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2012.10.054"},{"key":"bibr21-10790632221112656","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2004.04.003"},{"key":"bibr22-10790632221112656","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/088626096011001006"},{"key":"bibr23-10790632221112656","volume-title":"2019-2020 national college student sexual and reproductive health survey report [2019-2020 nian quan guo da Xue Sheng xing Yu Sheng Zhi diao Cha Bao gao]","author":"China Youth Network","year":"2020"},{"key":"bibr24-10790632221112656","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1079063219843899"},{"key":"bibr25-10790632221112656","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00111287211061717"},{"key":"bibr26-10790632221112656","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1079063218784558"},{"key":"bibr27-10790632221112656","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1557988311414045"},{"key":"bibr28-10790632221112656","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-9125.1999.tb00506.x"},{"key":"bibr29-10790632221112656","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-77650-7_28"},{"key":"bibr30-10790632221112656","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.14.140970"},{"key":"bibr31-10790632221112656","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838009334131"},{"key":"bibr32-10790632221112656","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0205808"},{"key":"bibr33-10790632221112656","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1013105118592"},{"key":"bibr34-10790632221112656","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9781503621794"},{"key":"bibr35-10790632221112656","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780190069797.001.0001","volume-title":"Modern control theory and the limits of criminal justice","author":"Gottfredson M.","year":"2019"},{"key":"bibr36-10790632221112656","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022427893030001002"},{"key":"bibr37-10790632221112656","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrimjus.2016.07.005"},{"key":"bibr38-10790632221112656","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2016-208602"},{"key":"bibr39-10790632221112656","volume-title":"The sex offender need Assessment rating (SONAR): A method for measuring change in risk levels","author":"Hanson R. K.","year":"2000"},{"key":"bibr40-10790632221112656","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11417-019-09299-8"},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr41-10790632221112656","first-page":"1","volume":"2","author":"Higgins G. E.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Economic Crime Management"},{"key":"bibr42-10790632221112656","volume-title":"Causes of delinquency","author":"Hirschi T.","year":"1969"},{"key":"bibr43-10790632221112656","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5040\/9781474250641"},{"key":"bibr44-10790632221112656","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12103-011-9117-3"},{"key":"bibr45-10790632221112656","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1016005312091"},{"key":"bibr46-10790632221112656","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1079063213495896"},{"key":"bibr47-10790632221112656","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrimjus.2009.07.008"},{"key":"bibr48-10790632221112656","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2003.tb07294.x"},{"key":"bibr49-10790632221112656","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11417-020-09340-1"},{"key":"bibr50-10790632221112656","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1079063213504594"},{"key":"bibr51-10790632221112656","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7292(03)00298-4"},{"key":"bibr52-10790632221112656","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11417-021-09357-0"},{"key":"bibr53-10790632221112656","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0011128703260684"},{"key":"bibr54-10790632221112656","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838018774429"},{"key":"bibr55-10790632221112656","first-page":"3","volume-title":"Sexual offending","author":"Lussier P.","year":"2018"},{"key":"bibr56-10790632221112656","first-page":"12","volume-title":"Sexual offending","author":"Lussier P.","year":"2018"},{"key":"bibr57-10790632221112656","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10538712.2018.1425944"},{"key":"bibr58-10790632221112656","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.59.5.670"},{"key":"bibr59-10790632221112656","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(89)90083-1"},{"key":"bibr60-10790632221112656","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00978700"},{"key":"bibr61-10790632221112656","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4899-0915-2_15"},{"key":"bibr62-10790632221112656","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/088626096011004009"},{"key":"bibr63-10790632221112656","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14681991003589568"},{"key":"bibr64-10790632221112656","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-682x.2012.00434.x"},{"key":"bibr65-10790632221112656","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0186471"},{"key":"bibr66-10790632221112656","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11417-014-9197-3"},{"key":"bibr67-10790632221112656","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11199-007-9225-1"},{"key":"bibr69-10790632221112656","volume-title":"Chinese statistics Yearbook in 2018","author":"National Bureau of Statistics of China","year":"2018"},{"key":"bibr70-10790632221112656","volume-title":"Chinese statistics Yearbook in 2019","author":"National Bureau of Statistics of China","year":"2019"},{"key":"bibr71-10790632221112656","volume-title":"Chinese statistics Yearbook in 2020","author":"National Bureau of Statistics of China","year":"2020"},{"key":"bibr72-10790632221112656","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/10790632211051689"},{"key":"bibr73-10790632221112656","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0092623X.2016.1208127"},{"key":"bibr75-10790632221112656","first-page":"44","author":"Pedneault A.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sexually coercive decision making: A rational choice approach"},{"key":"bibr76-10790632221112656","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07418820903379610"},{"key":"bibr77-10790632221112656","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.88.2.245"},{"key":"bibr78-10790632221112656","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1077801298004004006"},{"key":"bibr79-10790632221112656","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0038038508088833"},{"key":"bibr80-10790632221112656","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07418820100095041"},{"key":"bibr81-10790632221112656","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(03)00912-8"},{"key":"bibr82-10790632221112656","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260520975694"},{"key":"bibr83-10790632221112656","volume-title":"Principles of criminology","author":"Sutherland E. H.","year":"1947","edition":"4"},{"key":"bibr84-10790632221112656","volume-title":"Principles of criminology","author":"Sutherland E. H.","year":"1992","edition":"11"},{"key":"bibr85-10790632221112656","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0011000010378402"},{"key":"bibr86-10790632221112656","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0093854808314469"},{"key":"bibr87-10790632221112656","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260504269701"},{"key":"bibr88-10790632221112656","volume-title":"The notice on the implementation of the revised \u300aguiding opinions on sentencing of Common crimes\u300b [Guan Yu Shi Shi Xiu ding Hou de \u300aGuan Yu chang Jian fan Zui de Liang xing Zhi dao Yi Jian\u300bDe Tong Zhi]","author":"The Supreme People\u2019s Court of The People\u2019s Republic of China","year":"2017"},{"key":"bibr89-10790632221112656","volume-title":"Individualism and collectivism","author":"Triandis H.C.","year":"1995"},{"key":"bibr90-10790632221112656","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022427801038002001"},{"key":"bibr91-10790632221112656","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11417-019-09293-0"},{"key":"bibr92-10790632221112656","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwk052"},{"key":"bibr93-10790632221112656","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avb.2005.05.002"},{"key":"bibr95-10790632221112656","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/107906329801000206"},{"key":"bibr96-10790632221112656","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1557085119842660"},{"key":"bibr97-10790632221112656","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1477370807074858"},{"key":"bibr98-10790632221112656","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/palgrave.sj.8340098"},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr99-10790632221112656","first-page":"125","volume":"19","author":"Xia Y.","year":"2019","journal-title":"China Review"},{"key":"bibr100-10790632221112656","unstructured":"Xiong M.L., Li Z.N., Hu J.X. (2021). The Chinese experience of sentencing Balance: An empirical study based on the crime of rape [Liang xing Jun Heng de Zhong guo jing yan: Ji Yu Qiang Jian Zui de Shi Zheng yan Jiu]. Law and Modernization [Fa Zhi Xian dai Hua yan Jiu] (pp. 116\u2013138)"},{"key":"bibr101-10790632221112656","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0147-1767(99)00016-4"},{"key":"bibr102-10790632221112656","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.28144"},{"key":"bibr103-10790632221112656","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13548506.2012.712705"}],"container-title":["Sexual Abuse"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/10790632221112656","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/10790632221112656","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/10790632221112656","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T02:39:06Z","timestamp":1777689546000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/10790632221112656"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,4]]},"references-count":99,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/10790632221112656"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/10790632221112656","relation":{},"ISSN":["1079-0632","1573-286X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1079-0632","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-286X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,4]]}}}