{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T08:11:40Z","timestamp":1791015100582,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,5]],"date-time":"2023-04-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680652800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001316","name":"University of Kent","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Studentship"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Studentship"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001316","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Sex Abuse"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Over the last 50\u00a0years, there has been a plethora of research exploring sexual offending with a recent focus on online offending. However, little research has focused on voyeurism despite convictions and media awareness growing rapidly. Currently, there is sparse theoretical or empirical literature to guide research and practice for individuals engaging in voyeuristic behaviors. As such, 17 incarcerated men with a conviction of voyeurism in the UK were interviewed on the cognitive, affective, behavioral, and contextual factors leading up to and surrounding their offense(s). Grounded theory analyses were used to develop a temporal model from background factors to post-offense factors; the Descriptive Model of Voyeuristic Behavior (DMV). The model highlights vulnerability factors for men engaging in voyeuristic behaviors in this sample. Following this, the same 17 men were plotted through the model and three key pathways were identified: Sexual Gratification, Maladaptive Connection Seeking, and Access to Inappropriate Person(s). The characteristics of each pathway are discussed, and treatment implications considered.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/10790632231168072","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,5]],"date-time":"2023-04-05T18:13:53Z","timestamp":1680718433000},"page":"320-348","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["A Descriptive Model of Voyeuristic Behavior"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1314-7901","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victoria P. M.","family":"Lister","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5810-4158","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Theresa A.","family":"Gannon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-10790632231168072","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/088626087002001001"},{"key":"bibr2-10790632231168072","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"bibr3-10790632231168072","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-014-0270-x"},{"key":"bibr4-10790632231168072","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/lcrp.12071"},{"key":"bibr5-10790632231168072","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00224499.2019.1707468"},{"key":"bibr6-10790632231168072","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avb.2008.03.007"},{"key":"bibr7-10790632231168072","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260513511530"},{"key":"bibr8-10790632231168072","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40865-020-00146-4"},{"key":"bibr9-10790632231168072","first-page":"289","volume-title":"Exhibitionism: Description, assessment, and treatment","author":"Cox D. J.","year":"1980"},{"key":"bibr10-10790632231168072","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1741-3729.2007.00472.x"},{"key":"bibr11-10790632231168072","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1079063214547582"},{"key":"bibr12-10790632231168072","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10676-009-9195-9"},{"key":"bibr13-10790632231168072","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-97160-5"},{"key":"bibr14-10790632231168072","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1079063212439426"},{"key":"bibr15-10790632231168072","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1079063208326929"},{"key":"bibr16-10790632231168072","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1099-0798(200010)18:5<605::AID-BSL406>3.0.CO;2-0"},{"key":"bibr17-10790632231168072","volume-title":"Child sexual abuse: New theory and research","author":"Finkelhor D.","year":"1984"},{"key":"bibr18-10790632231168072","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1079063208322495"},{"key":"bibr19-10790632231168072","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10683160902754956"},{"key":"bibr251-10790632231168072","volume-title":"Sex offenders","author":"Gebhard P. H.","year":"1965"},{"key":"bibr20-10790632231168072","volume-title":"100 questions (and answers) about qualitative research","author":"Given L. M.","year":"2015"},{"key":"bibr254-10790632231168072","volume-title":"Non-Contact Sex Offenders and Public Perception The Importance of Victim Type and Crime Location","author":"Gold C.","year":"2017"},{"key":"bibr21-10790632231168072","first-page":"154","volume-title":"Doing qualitative research in Psychology: A practical guide","author":"Gordon-Finlayson A.","year":"2010"},{"key":"bibr22-10790632231168072","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838012462244"},{"key":"bibr23-10790632231168072","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838016650189"},{"key":"bibr24-10790632231168072","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-349-92519-3_15"},{"key":"bibr25-10790632231168072","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00224499.2016.1139034"},{"key":"bibr26-10790632231168072","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1079063220970031"},{"key":"bibr27-10790632231168072","first-page":"297","volume-title":"Sexual deviance: Theory, assessment and treatment","author":"Kaplan M. S.","year":"1997"},{"key":"bibr252-10790632231168072","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2007.00543.x"},{"key":"bibr28-10790632231168072","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-006-9042-6"},{"key":"bibr29-10790632231168072","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0145-2134(01)00304-0"},{"key":"bibr30-10790632231168072","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1079063214535819"},{"key":"bibr31-10790632231168072","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/15248380221082091"},{"key":"bibr32-10790632231168072","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0306624X8302700207"},{"key":"bibr33-10790632231168072","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14789940310001615470"},{"key":"bibr35-10790632231168072","first-page":"320","volume-title":"Sexual deviance: Theory, assessment and treatment","author":"Mann R. E.","year":"2008","edition":"2"},{"key":"bibr36-10790632231168072","first-page":"749","volume-title":"Comprehensive handbook of psychopathology","author":"McAnulty R. D.","year":"2001","edition":"3"},{"key":"bibr37-10790632231168072","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-020-01863-z"},{"key":"bibr38-10790632231168072","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1359-1789(01)00063-5"},{"key":"bibr39-10790632231168072","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/088626001016006003"},{"key":"bibr40-10790632231168072","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-59745-252-6_16"},{"key":"bibr41-10790632231168072","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1300\/J514v19n01_06"},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr42-10790632231168072","first-page":"227","volume":"27","author":"Schlesinger L. B.","year":"1999","journal-title":"The Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law"},{"key":"bibr43-10790632231168072","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/11639-000"},{"key":"bibr44-10790632231168072","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/14191-000"},{"key":"bibr45-10790632231168072","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1079063217720919"},{"key":"bibr255-10790632231168072","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1079063210369013"},{"key":"bibr250-10790632231168072","unstructured":"Sexual Offences Act (2003). c. 42. https:\/\/www.legislation.gov.uk\/ukpga\/2003\/42"},{"key":"bibr46-10790632231168072","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1520\/JFS14224J"},{"key":"bibr47-10790632231168072","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01541221"},{"key":"bibr48-10790632231168072","volume-title":"Basics of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory","author":"Strauss A.","year":"1998","edition":"2"},{"key":"bibr49-10790632231168072","volume-title":"Everyday misogyny: On \u2018upskirting\u2019 as image-based sexual abuse [Doctoral thesis]","author":"Thompson C.","year":"2019"},{"key":"bibr50-10790632231168072","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0093854813510911"},{"key":"bibr51-10790632231168072","first-page":"123","volume-title":"The Wiley handbook on the theories, assessment and treatment of sexual offending","author":"Ward T.","year":"2017"},{"key":"bibr253-10790632231168072","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/088626095010004005"},{"key":"bibr52-10790632231168072","volume-title":"Theories of sexual offending","author":"Ward T.","year":"2006"},{"key":"bibr54-10790632231168072","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2007.08.005"},{"issue":"12","key":"bibr55-10790632231168072","volume":"4","author":"Williams K.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ministry of Justice Research Series"},{"key":"bibr56-10790632231168072","volume-title":"\u201cVoyeurism was my comfort blanket\u201d: An investigation into the experiences and needs of adult males with a conviction of voyeurism [Doctoral thesis]","author":"Wood C.","year":"2019"},{"key":"bibr57-10790632231168072","volume-title":"ICD-11: International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems","author":"World Health Organization.","year":"2019","edition":"11"}],"container-title":["Sexual Abuse"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/10790632231168072","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/10790632231168072","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/10790632231168072","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T02:39:18Z","timestamp":1777689558000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/10790632231168072"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,5]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/10790632231168072"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/10790632231168072","relation":{},"ISSN":["1079-0632","1573-286X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1079-0632","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-286X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,5]]}}}