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Working Alliance Inventory (WAI; Horvath &amp; Greenberg, 1989 ) self-reported total, Task, Bond, and Goal scores were positively correlated with treatment related changes in risk, and inversely associated with Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R; Hare, 1991 ; Wang &amp; Hare, 2003 ) scores. The Affective facet of the PCL-R, representing the callous-unemotional features of the syndrome, uniquely predicted lower Bond and Goal scores controlling for the other facets. Cox regression survival analyses demonstrated that sexual violence risk predicted increased sexual recidivism while change predicted decreased sexual recidivism controlling for PCL-R total score; however, WAI scores (particularly the Goal component) were also unexpectedly associated with increased sexual recidivism. For violent recidivism, psychopathy, risk, and change incremented the prediction of general violence, while the WAI was not significantly associated with this outcome. A set of parallel analyses, stratified by Indigenous ethnocultural heritage, demonstrated some continuity, but also potential areas of difference, in substantive findings. Risk, need, responsivity implications of the working alliance for the treatment of high psychopathy correctional clientele, and how this may intersect with Indigenous heritage, are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/10790632231172161","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,24]],"date-time":"2023-04-24T11:15:52Z","timestamp":1682334952000},"page":"383-417","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["The Risk, Need, and Responsivity Relevance of Working Alliance in a Sexual Offense Treatment Program: Its Intersection With Psychopathy, Diversity, and Treatment Change"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2265-0034","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark E.","family":"Olver","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keira C.","family":"Stockdale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada"},{"name":"Saskatoon Police Service, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily K.","family":"Riemer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-10790632231172161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/003329416201100106"},{"key":"bibr2-10790632231172161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0018362"},{"key":"bibr3-10790632231172161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0093854890017001004"},{"key":"bibr4-10790632231172161","unstructured":"Australian Bureau of Statistics. 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