{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T22:48:56Z","timestamp":1777934936096,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,30]],"date-time":"2024-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722297600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005289","name":"National Institute of Justice","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NIJ 2007-IJ-CX- 0037"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIJ 2007-IJ-CX- 0037"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005289","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Sex Abuse"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>While studies indicate that individuals with intellectual disabilities (ID) and borderline intellectual functioning (BIF) are overrepresented among those incarcerated for sexual offenses, there is a paucity of research with respect to risk assessment for this population, particularly among incarcerated U.S. samples. This gap is concerning given that individuals perceived as high risk may be denied bail, given harsher sentences, or subject to civil confinement. The present study examined the predictive validity of the Static-99 and Static-99R, which rely on historical predictors, and the MnSOST-R, which includes a dynamic subscale. Archival records were used to compare individuals with ( n = 459) and without ( n = 459) ID\/BIF released from New Jersey state prisons between 1996 and 2007, with an average follow-up period of 5.7 years. All three instruments demonstrated good predictive validity for those without ID\/BIF, while only the MnSOST-R produced a significant AUC value for those with ID\/BIF. Reincarceration rates for those with ID\/BIF within high-risk groups ranged from 0% to 8%, similar to the overall recidivism base rate of 4%. Results highlight the need for additional research to determine which risk factors should be considered for those with ID\/BIF.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/10790632241268471","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,30]],"date-time":"2024-07-30T15:26:52Z","timestamp":1722353212000},"page":"181-214","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Intellectual Ability and Sexual Recidivism Risk Assessment: Comparing Predictive Accuracy in an Incarcerated U.S. Sample"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"37","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0258-114X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Perry A.","family":"Callahan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Fordham University, New York, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4870-2269","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth L.","family":"Jeglic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"John Jay College of Criminal Justice, New York, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cynthia","family":"Calkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"John Jay College of Criminal Justice, New York, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-10790632241268471","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tjem.2018.08.001"},{"key":"bibr2-10790632241268471","volume-title":"Recidivism of sex ofenders released from state prison: A 9-year follow-up (2005-14)","author":"Alper M.","year":"2019"},{"key":"bibr3-10790632241268471","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425787"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr4-10790632241268471","first-page":"CD003682","volume":"2008","author":"Ashman L.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"key":"bibr5-10790632241268471","volume-title":"Sex offender management assessment and planning initiative","author":"Baldwin K.","year":"2015"},{"key":"bibr6-10790632241268471","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/17596591211270671"},{"key":"bibr7-10790632241268471","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10683160903392376"},{"key":"bibr8-10790632241268471","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1018754004962"},{"key":"bibr9-10790632241268471","volume-title":"Assessment, treatment, and supervision of individuals with intellectual disabilities and problematic sexual behaviors","author":"Blasingame G. D.","year":"2014"},{"key":"bibr10-10790632241268471","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/pas0000377"},{"key":"bibr11-10790632241268471","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-3148.2004.00214.x"},{"key":"bibr12-10790632241268471","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1079063219871572"},{"key":"bibr13-10790632241268471","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0306624X211066825"},{"key":"bibr14-10790632241268471","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.555"},{"key":"bibr15-10790632241268471","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0306624X06296235"},{"key":"bibr16-10790632241268471","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/JIDOB-01-2019-0003"},{"key":"bibr17-10790632241268471","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jar.13090"},{"key":"bibr18-10790632241268471","volume-title":"Dynamic risk outcome scales","author":"Drieschner K. H.","year":"2008"},{"key":"bibr19-10790632241268471","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0887403417718608"},{"key":"bibr20-10790632241268471","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0093854818811379"},{"key":"bibr21-10790632241268471","volume-title":"Adults with learning difficulties in England 2003\/4","author":"Emerson E.","year":"2005"},{"key":"bibr22-10790632241268471","volume-title":"Minnesota Sex Offender Screening Tool\u2013Revised (MnSOST-R) technical paper: Development, validation, and recommended risk level cut scores","author":"Epperson D. L.","year":"2003"},{"key":"bibr23-10790632241268471","volume-title":"Minnesota sex offender screening tool-revised (MnSOST-R)","author":"Epperson D. L.","year":"2000"},{"key":"bibr24-10790632241268471","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.e4692"},{"key":"bibr25-10790632241268471","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2016.06.011"},{"key":"bibr26-10790632241268471","volume-title":"STABLE-2007 coding manual: Revised","author":"Fernandez Y.","year":"2012"},{"key":"bibr27-10790632241268471","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.171.3.287a"},{"key":"bibr28-10790632241268471","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-016-0869-7"},{"key":"bibr29-10790632241268471","volume-title":"The development of a brief actuarial risk scale for sexual offense recidivism (User Report 97-04)","author":"Hanson R. K.","year":"1997"},{"key":"bibr30-10790632241268471","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0014421"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr31-10790632241268471","first-page":"1","volume":"8","author":"Hanson R. K.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sexual Offender Treatment"},{"key":"bibr32-10790632241268471","volume-title":"STATIC-99: Improving actuarial risk assessments for sex offenders","author":"Hanson R. K.","year":"1999"},{"key":"bibr33-10790632241268471","volume-title":"Static-99 coding rules revised-2003","author":"Harris A.","year":"2003"},{"key":"bibr34-10790632241268471","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-3148.2004.00211.x"},{"key":"bibr35-10790632241268471","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1079063211409951"},{"key":"bibr36-10790632241268471","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0093854816678898"},{"key":"bibr37-10790632241268471","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/law0000351"},{"key":"bibr38-10790632241268471","unstructured":"IBM SPSS Statistics 28 Documentation. (2022). Statistics algorithms (p. 1132). https:\/\/www.ibm.com\/docs\/en\/SSLVMB_28.0.0\/pdf\/IBM_SPSS_Statistics_Algorithms.pdf"},{"key":"bibr39-10790632241268471","unstructured":"Johnson S. L., Blume J. H., Hritz A. C. (2018). Convictions of innocent people with intellectual disability, (Vol. 82, p. 1031). Albany Law Review."},{"key":"bibr40-10790632241268471","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1079063218800474"},{"key":"bibr41-10790632241268471","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0306624X06287644"},{"key":"bibr42-10790632241268471","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2788.2002.00006.x"},{"key":"bibr43-10790632241268471","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0306624X07308111"},{"key":"bibr44-10790632241268471","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jar.12029"},{"key":"bibr45-10790632241268471","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/727028"},{"key":"bibr46-10790632241268471","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1079063215569546"},{"key":"bibr47-10790632241268471","volume-title":"[Static-99R scores of 14 developmentally delayed sexual offenders from Vermont who were either recidivists or non-recidivists]","author":"McGrath R. J.","year":"2012"},{"key":"bibr48-10790632241268471","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/TLDR-03-2019-0014"},{"key":"bibr49-10790632241268471","volume-title":"Sex offender management, treatment, and civil commitment: An evidence based analysis aimed at reducing sexual violence","author":"Mercado C.","year":"2013"},{"key":"bibr50-10790632241268471","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0028411"},{"key":"bibr51-10790632241268471","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0093854814548449"},{"key":"bibr52-10790632241268471","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/JIDOB-08-2021-0013"},{"key":"bibr53-10790632241268471","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19315864.2022.2148790"},{"key":"bibr54-10790632241268471","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470713440.ch7"},{"key":"bibr55-10790632241268471","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/11367-000"},{"key":"bibr56-10790632241268471","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1079063208324662"},{"key":"bibr57-10790632241268471","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10979-005-6832-7"},{"key":"bibr58-10790632241268471","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19315861003695769"},{"key":"bibr59-10790632241268471","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bsl.2052"},{"key":"bibr60-10790632241268471","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JVR-130658"},{"key":"bibr61-10790632241268471","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13552600.2017.1372936"},{"key":"bibr62-10790632241268471","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2003.tb07308.x"},{"key":"bibr63-10790632241268471","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2012.12.002"},{"key":"bibr64-10790632241268471","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/pas0000454"},{"key":"bibr65-10790632241268471","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2788.2008.01144.x"},{"key":"bibr66-10790632241268471","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0093854820954501"},{"key":"bibr67-10790632241268471","volume-title":"World prison population list","author":"Walmsley R.","year":"2015","edition":"11"},{"key":"bibr68-10790632241268471","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/pb.bp.115.051490"},{"key":"bibr69-10790632241268471","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13552600802578577"},{"key":"bibr70-10790632241268471","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3138\/cjccj.46.5.607"}],"container-title":["Sexual Abuse"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/10790632241268471","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/10790632241268471","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/10790632241268471","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T02:39:32Z","timestamp":1777689572000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/10790632241268471"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,30]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/10790632241268471"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/10790632241268471","relation":{},"ISSN":["1079-0632","1573-286X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1079-0632","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-286X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,30]]}}}