{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T22:49:50Z","timestamp":1777934990891,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760486400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Sex Abuse"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    This research aimed to develop a typology of individuals adjudicated for child sexual exploitation material (CSEM) offenses in South Korea, based on court judgments under Article 11 of the Act on the Protection of Children and Youth Against Sex Offenses. A total of 135 judgments from district courts (courts of first instance in South Korea) spanning 2014 to 2023 were systematically collected and examined through latent class analysis (LCA). The LCA results revealed three distinct subgroups of offenders\u2013\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Versatile Sextortion, Physical Exploitation, and Coercing Younger Victims<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2013each exhibiting unique offending profiles and behaviors. Significant differences between the groups were also found for several factors, such as the age of the victim, instances of sextortion, and the additional creation of CSEM. This study constitutes an initial empirical exploration of CSEM offenses in South Korea, provides evidence of a heterogenous group, and has substantial implications for crafting customized intervention strategies for people who commit CSEM offenses.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/10790632251389167","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T10:37:56Z","timestamp":1760524676000},"page":"78-102","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Typologies of CSEM Offending in South Korean Court Judgments"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"38","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-7307-3994","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bojeong","family":"Kang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"George Mason University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Byungbae","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kyonggi University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Soo Jung","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kyonggi University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAC.1974.1100705"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_1","volume-title":"The psychology of criminal conduct","author":"Andrews D. A.","year":"2010","unstructured":"Andrews D. A., Bonta J. (2010). The psychology of criminal conduct (5th ed.) LexisNexis Matthew Bender.","edition":"5"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.29245\/2578-2959\/2021\/2.1236"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/lhb0000540"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00938548211040849"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1079063210370708"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-014-0270-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.59988\/jfmsl.vol.32issue1.4"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1997.10473658"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/tra0001299"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/jst084"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02294361"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1079063210384275"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13552600.2022.2104394"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10464-011-9485-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00111287211061717"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13552600.2016.1241309"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/15248380221147564"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_1","volume-title":"Sexual exploitation of children in prostitution","author":"ECPAT International","year":"2020","unstructured":"ECPAT International. (2020). Sexual exploitation of children in prostitution. https:\/\/ecpat.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/ECPAT-Summary-paper-on-Sexual-Exploitation-of-Children-in-Prostitution-2020.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bsl.2531"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph181910509"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11757-023-00790-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_1","volume-title":"Developing a typology of child sexual exploitation material offending in New Zealand","author":"Griemink E.","year":"2019","unstructured":"Griemink E. (2019). Developing a typology of child sexual exploitation material offending in New Zealand. [Master\u2019s Thesis. Victoria University of Wellington]. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.26686\/wgtn.17139914.v1"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00938548231208194"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bsl.2337"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.62783\/SHSS.6.1.25"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_1","volume-title":"Prevalence and trends of sexual offenses against children and youth","author":"Kim J.","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kim J., Choi J., Seong Y., Hong Y. (2022a). Prevalence and trends of sexual offenses against children and youth. Ministry of Gender Equality and Family. https:\/\/www.mogef.go.kr\/mp\/pcd\/mp_pcd_s001d.do?mid=plc504&bbtSn=704344"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/01466216221084197"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838013511543"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_31_1","volume-title":"A typology of online child pornography offending (Trends & issues in crime and criminal justice No. 279)","author":"Krone T.","year":"2004","unstructured":"Krone T. (2004). A typology of online child pornography offending (Trends & issues in crime and criminal justice No. 279). Australian Institute of Criminology. https:\/\/www.aic.gov.au\/publications\/tandi\/tandi279"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0049124196024004004"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420042375.ch11"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10705510701575602"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0147248"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_4_36_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"\u201cSo why did you do it?\u201d: Explanations provided by child pornography offenders","volume":"8","author":"Merdian H.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Merdian H., Wilson N., Thakker J., Curtis C., Boer D. (2013). \u201cSo why did you do it?\u201d: Explanations provided by child pornography offenders. Sexual Offender Treatment, 8(1), 1\u201319. https:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/10289\/7976","journal-title":"Sexual Offender Treatment"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1079063216641109"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0306624X17748067"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/9781108891585.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10705511.2014.935751"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10705510701575396"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/tps0000176"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/tps0000176"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0306624X20905757"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119439325.ch18"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_4_46_1","first-page":"177","article-title":"A study on the actual state of child sexual exploitation material and the countermeasures - focusing on international status and domestic case study -","volume":"15","author":"Park D.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Park D., Lee G. (2020). A study on the actual state of child sexual exploitation material and the countermeasures - focusing on international status and domestic case study -. The Police Science Journal, 15(3), 177\u2013207. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.16961\/polips.2020.15.3.177","journal-title":"The Police Science Journal"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0272431616648452"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_48_1","first-page":"1037","volume-title":"The wiley handbook on the theories, assessment, and treatment of sexual offending","author":"Quayle E.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Quayle E. (2017). Internet offenders: Typologies and risk. In Boer D. P., Beech A. R., Ward T., Craig L. A., Rettenberger M., Marshall L. E., Marshall W. L. (Eds.), The wiley handbook on the theories, assessment, and treatment of sexual offending (pp. 1037\u20131054). Wiley Blackwell."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12027-022-00714-9"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_4_50_1","first-page":"38","article-title":"Protecting children from online grooming in India\u2019s increasingly digital post-covid-19 landscape: Leveraging technological solutions and AI-powered tools","volume":"12","author":"Rani D.","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rani D. (2024). Protecting children from online grooming in India\u2019s increasingly digital post-covid-19 landscape: Leveraging technological solutions and AI-powered tools. International Journal of Innovative Research in Computer Science and Technology, 12(3), 38\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.55524\/ijircst.2024.12.3.8","journal-title":"International Journal of Innovative Research in Computer Science and Technology"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1214\/aos\/1176344136"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1079063217720919"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/lhb0000128"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1079063210369013"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13552600903572396"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0093925"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0306624X19877599"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avb.2022.101809"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_4_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/13218719.2022.2148305","article-title":"Technical profiles of child sexual exploitation material offenders","volume":"31","author":"Steel C.","year":"2023","unstructured":"Steel C., Newman E., O\u2019Rourke S., Quayle E. (2023b). Technical profiles of child sexual exploitation material offenders. Psychiatry, Psychology and Law: An Interdisciplinary Journal of the Australian and New Zealand Association of Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, 31(1), 1\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13218719.2022.2148305","journal-title":"Psychiatry, Psychology and Law: An Interdisciplinary Journal of the Australian and New Zealand Association of Psychiatry, Psychology and Law"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13552600410001667788"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13552600903470054"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10926771.2015.1009602"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/08862605221149090"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_64_1","unstructured":"United Nations. (2019). Guidelines regarding the implementation of the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the sale of children child prostitution and child pornography (CRC\/C\/156). Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. https:\/\/docs.un.org\/en\/CRC\/C\/156"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511499531.004"}],"container-title":["Sexual Abuse"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/10790632251389167","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/10790632251389167","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/10790632251389167","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T02:39:47Z","timestamp":1777689587000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/10790632251389167"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/10790632251389167"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/10790632251389167","relation":{},"ISSN":["1079-0632","1573-286X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1079-0632","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-286X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]]}}}