{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T17:33:24Z","timestamp":1786728804208,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767744000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767744000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005289","name":"National Institute of Justice","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#2020-R2-CX0015 and #15PNIJ-21-GG-02983-MUMU"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#2020-R2-CX0015 and #15PNIJ-21-GG-02983-MUMU"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005289","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Sex Abuse"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This study examined dynamics of childhood sexual image abuse episodes prior to age 18, based on victim self-reports. An online sample of individuals aged 18-28 filled out a survey, yielding 3,254 episodes of image abuse that occurred prior to age 18. The majority (86%) of abusive episodes involved images that were produced by youth, either as victims or perpetrators. Less than 8% of episodes involved adult-produced images. Youth were identified as perpetrators in 30% of the episodes, and adults were perpetrators in 29%, with the remainder unidentified. Notably, even among adult-perpetrated episodes, 75% of the images had been originally produced by the youth victim. In cases of adult perpetrators, 59% were offline acquaintances. To better understand the diversity of image abuse experiences, we proposed a five-category framework. Adult perpetrator cases were subdivided into (1) adult image producers, (2) adult coercers of youth made images and (3) adult groomers of youth made images. Youth perpetrator cases were subdivided into (4) juvenile coercers, who pressured victims, and (5) juvenile betrayers, who misused images originally taken or exchanged voluntarily. The prevalence of youth-produced and youth-involved image abuse highlights the importance of prevention strategies tailored to school-aged youth.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/10790632261415819","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T22:37:02Z","timestamp":1767825422000},"page":"337-353","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Youth-Produced Images Are the Majority of Child Sexual Abuse Materials: Categories of Youth and Adult Perpetrators From a Victim Based Study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"38","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7008-4252","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Finkelhor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of New Hampshire"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deirdre","family":"Colburn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of New Hampshire"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ateret","family":"Gewirtz-Meydan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Haifa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer E.","family":"O\u2019Brien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Texas at Arlington"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa M.","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of New Hampshire"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heather A.","family":"Turner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of New Hampshire"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kimberly J.","family":"Mitchell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of New Hampshire"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40894-022-00199-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_1","unstructured":"Brown A. (2022). About 5% of young adults in the U.S. say their gender is different from their sex assigned at birth. https:\/\/www.pewresearch.org\/short-reads\/2022\/06\/07\/about-5-of-young-adults-in-the-u-s-say-their-gender-is-different-from-their-sex-assigned-at-birth\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_1","unstructured":"Brown A. (2023). 5 key findings about LGBTQ+ Americans. https:\/\/www.pewresearch.org\/short-reads\/2023\/06\/23\/5-key-findings-about-lgbtq-americans\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/cls.2024.6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_1","article-title":"Children\u2019s disclosures of online sexual exploitation and abuse","author":"ECPAT International, & UNICEF Office of Research \u2013 Innocenti","year":"2022","unstructured":"ECPAT International, & UNICEF Office of Research \u2013 Innocenti. (2022). Children\u2019s disclosures of online sexual exploitation and abuse. Disrupting Harm Data Insight 2. Global Partnership to End Violence Against Children. https:\/\/www.end-violence.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2022-05\/DH-data-insight-2_FinalB%282%29.pdf","journal-title":"Disrupting Harm Data Insight 2. Global Partnership to End Violence Against Children"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/15248380241268835"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/tra0001815"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jad.12064"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_1","first-page":"107755952513381","article-title":"Measuring image-based sexual abuse (IBSA): Psychometric validation and analysis of the IBSA scale","author":"Gewirtz-Meydan A.","year":"2025","unstructured":"Gewirtz-Meydan A., Turner H. A., Finkelhor D., Jones L. M., Colburn D. A., Mitchell K. J. (2025). Measuring image-based sexual abuse (IBSA): Psychometric validation and analysis of the IBSA scale. Child maltreatment, 10775595251338188. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/10775595251338188","journal-title":"Child maltreatment"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yapd.2018.04.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_1","volume-title":"Stanford internet observatory","author":"Grossman S.","year":"2024","unstructured":"Grossman S., Pfefferkorn R., Thiel D., Shah S., DiResta R., Perrino J., Stamos A. (2024). The strengths and weaknesses of the online child safety ecosystem. In Stanford internet observatory."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avb.2021.101547"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1079063214564391"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/15248380241266137"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_1","volume-title":"Beyond tolerance: Child pornography on the internet","author":"Jenkins P.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Jenkins P. (2001). Beyond tolerance: Child pornography on the internet. New York University Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1079063217724768"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838016659486"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_3_19_1","first-page":"486","article-title":"Sexting of self-produced child pornography? The dialogue continues - Structured prosecutoria discretion within a multidisciplinary response","volume":"17","author":"Leary M. G.","year":"2010","unstructured":"Leary M. G. (2010). Sexting of self-produced child pornography? The dialogue continues - Structured prosecutoria discretion within a multidisciplinary response. Virginia Journal of Social Policy & the Law, 17(3), 486\u2013566.","journal-title":"Virginia Journal of Social Policy & the Law"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-020-01727-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_1","article-title":"Teens, adults and sexting: Data on sending and receipt of sexually suggestive nude or nearly nude images by Americans","author":"Lenhart A.","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lenhart A., Ling R., Campbell S. (2010). Teens, adults and sexting: Data on sending and receipt of sexually suggestive nude or nearly nude images by Americans. Pew Internet and American Life Project. https:\/\/www.pewresearch.org\/internet\/2010\/10\/23\/teens-adults-and-sexting-data-on-sendingreceiving-sexually-suggestive-nude-or-nearly-nude-photos-by-americans\/","journal-title":"Pew Internet and American Life Project"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1077559507306717"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2017.5314"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0145935X.2014.924334"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2011-1730"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_1","unstructured":"NCMEC. (2024). Office of justice programs U.S. department of justice CY 2023 report to the committees on appropriations national center for missing and exploited children (NCMEC) transparency (CY-2023)."},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_3_27_1","first-page":"218","article-title":"Sexting legislation in the United States and abroad: A call for uniformity","volume":"11","author":"O'Connor K.","year":"2017","unstructured":"O'Connor K., Drouin M., Yergens N., Newsham G. (2017). Sexting legislation in the United States and abroad: A call for uniformity. International Journal of Cyber Criminology, 11(2), 218\u2013245. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.1037397","journal-title":"International Journal of Cyber Criminology"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tele.2022.101891"},{"issue":"0","key":"e_1_3_3_29_1","first-page":"152483802513209","article-title":"The predictors, motivations and characteristics of image-based sexual abuse: A scoping review","volume":"0","author":"Parton L. E.","year":"2025","unstructured":"Parton L. E., Rogers M. M. (2025). The predictors, motivations and characteristics of image-based sexual abuse: A scoping review. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 0(0), Article 15248380251320992. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/15248380251320992","journal-title":"Trauma, Violence, & Abuse"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-021-02200-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_1","unstructured":"Powell A. (2023). I DIDN\u2019T consent: A global landscape report on image-based sexual abuse."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/08862605211072266"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/car.2507"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/glj.2024.49"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-012-0765-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5040\/9781666995855.ch-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_1","unstructured":"Stevenson J. Fry D. Pitman Z. Vermeulen I. Lawson M. (2024). Childlight index-indicator 3 2023. https:\/\/osf.io\/285tj"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2018-3183"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_1","first-page":"152483802311940","volume-title":"Perpetrators' identity in online crimes against children: A meta-analysis","author":"Sutton S.","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sutton S., Finkelhor D. (2023). Perpetrators' identity in online crimes against children: A meta-analysis (p. 15248380231194072). Trauma Violence Abuse. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/15248380231194072"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2020.106630"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avb.2017.06.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_1","article-title":"Online commercial sexual exploitation of children in a national victim survey","author":"Walsh W.","year":"2024","unstructured":"Walsh W., Finkelhor D., Turner H., O\u2019Brien J. (2024). Online commercial sexual exploitation of children in a national victim survey. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/tra0001821","journal-title":"Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_1","volume-title":"Sexting: A typology","author":"Wolak J.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wolak J., Finkelhor D. (2011). Sexting: A typology. Crimes against Children Research Center - University of New Hampshire. [Bulletin]. https:\/\/www.cola.unh.edu\/ccrc\/pdf\/CV231_Sexting2-Typology-Bulletin_4-6-11_revised.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2011-2242"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2017.08.014"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_46_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization Finkelhor D. Walsh K. Jones L. Sutton S. Opuda E. (2022). What works to prevent violence against children online? https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789240062061"}],"container-title":["Sexual Abuse"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/10790632261415819","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/10790632261415819","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/10790632261415819","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T02:39:51Z","timestamp":1777689591000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/10790632261415819"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/10790632261415819"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/10790632261415819","relation":{},"ISSN":["1079-0632","1573-286X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1079-0632","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-286X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]]}}}