{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T05:50:54Z","timestamp":1777701054659,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Chinese Medical Science and Technology Project of Zhejiang Province","award":["2024KY1880"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024KY1880"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Interferon &amp; Cytokine Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    TGF-\u03b21 plays a significant role in pregnancy outcomes. This research sought to investigate whether TGF-\u03b21 is involved in the bleeding mechanism after medication abortion (MA) in early pregnancy. The MA rat model was established\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in\u00a0vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    using mifepristone and misoprostol, and trophoblasts HTR8\/SVneo were treated with lipopolysaccharide\u00a0\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Changes in uterine morphology, weight, and bleeding were assessed. tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA), urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA), estradiol, and progesterone levels were detected by ELISA. HE staining was employed to analyze uterine pathological changes. Apoptosis was assessed by TUNEL staining. Inflammatory cytokine expression was assessed by ELISA and qRT-PCR. Related protein levels were analyzed by Western blot. MA induction led to abnormal uterine morphology, reduced uterine weight, and heavier bleeding. MA rats showed higher tPA, uPA, IL-6, and TNF-\u03b1 levels, and lower estradiol and progesterone levels compared to controls. Moreover, trophoblast tissue damage with excessive apoptosis was observed in MA rats. TGF-\u03b21, p53, and PAI-1 levels were markedly decreased after MA induction. In HTR8\/SVneo cells, lipopolysaccharide\u00a0treatment significantly inhibited cellular functions, reduced TGF-\u03b21, p53, and PAI-1 levels, and increased IL-6 and TNF-\u03b1 levels. Notably, these changes were partially reversed by overexpression of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">TGFB1<\/jats:italic>\n                    . In conclusion, TGF-\u03b21 protects trophoblasts and alleviates MA-induced uterine bleeding by upregulating the p53\/PAI-1 pathway.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/10799907251396751","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]],"date-time":"2025-12-08T10:47:42Z","timestamp":1765190862000},"page":"33-43","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Transforming Growth Factor-beta 1 Alleviates Uterine Bleeding after Medication Abortion in Early Pregnancy by Upregulating the p53\/Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 Pathway"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"Qianhong","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Haining Second People\u2019s Hospital, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, China."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haiying","family":"Lan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lishui Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Lishui, Zhejiang, China."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology, Lishui Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Lishui, Zhejiang, China."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xianming","family":"Fei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory Medicine Center, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital), Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lishui Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Lishui, Zhejiang, China."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)32345-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1475-6773.14013"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5811\/westjem.2022.8.57929"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00016347909154596"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.repbio.2021.100541"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2015.11.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humimm.2024.111182"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.24707"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-7158.2012.01457.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm0995-932"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0049-3848(03)00095-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241814179"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2019.11.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00508-012-0219-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep35483"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2020008951"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_1","volume-title":"StatPearls","author":"Kumwong S","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kumwong S, , Sunder M, , Akinbinu R. 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