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Because of the popularity of the reefs and marine activities, people are frequently in close contact with dangerous venomous species and, thus, are exposed to potential envenomation. Commonly encountered venomous animals throughout Okinawa include the invertebrate cone snail, sea urchin, crown-of-thorns starfish, blue-ringed octopus, box jellyfish, and fire coral. The vertebrates include the stonefish, lionfish, sea snake, and moray eel. Treatment for marine envenomation can involve first aid, hot water immersion, antivenom, supportive care, regional anesthesia, and pharmaceutical administration. Information on venomous animals, their toxins, and treatment should be well understood by prehospital care providers and physicians practicing in the prefecture.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/10806032231220401","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,6]],"date-time":"2024-02-06T05:30:26Z","timestamp":1707197426000},"page":"57-66","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Marine Envenomation in Okinawa: Overview and Treatment Concept"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Scott B.","family":"Hughey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Naval Hospital Okinawa, Okinawa, Japan"},{"name":"Naval Biotechnology Group, Naval Medical Center Portsmouth, Portsmouth, VA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joshua A.","family":"Kotler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Naval Biotechnology Group, Naval Medical Center Portsmouth, Portsmouth, VA"},{"name":"III Marine Expeditionary Force, Okinawa, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuriko","family":"Ozaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Naval Hospital Okinawa, Okinawa, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuki","family":"Itani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Naval Hospital Okinawa, Okinawa, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fumitoshi","family":"Fukuzawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chiba University Hospital, Okinawa, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tatsuma","family":"Yanagimoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Naval Hospital Okinawa, Okinawa, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ko","family":"Takamatsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Naval Hospital Okinawa, Okinawa, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shu","family":"Koito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Naval Hospital Okinawa, Okinawa, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hiroki","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Naval Hospital Okinawa, Okinawa, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yoshimasa","family":"Nishihira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Naval Hospital Okinawa, Okinawa, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna C.","family":"Hughey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Naval Hospital Okinawa, Okinawa, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Takashi","family":"Nagata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Japan Self-Defense Force Central Hospital, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-10806032231220401","unstructured":"Johnston E; The Japan Times. 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