{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T22:45:16Z","timestamp":1777934716180,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,13]],"date-time":"2024-12-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734048000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Wilderness & Environmental Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"abstract":"\n Introduction<\/jats:title>\n \n The black widow spider,\n Latrodectus mactans<\/jats:italic>\n , stands out as one of the most medically significant arachnids due to its extensive geographic distribution in the United States and its ability to produce a potent neurotoxin, \u03b1-latrotoxin. This study aimed to describe the epidemiology of black widow spider exposures by month of exposure, geographic distribution, demographics, symptoms, treatment, and health system resource utilization between 2012 and 2022.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n This was a retrospective observational study using the US National Poison Data System, the data warehouse of the 55 US poison centers. A descriptive analysis of patient demographic data, month of exposure, clinical effects, level of healthcare received, and medical outcome was performed.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n During the studied period, a total of 15,299 cases of\n Latrodectus<\/jats:italic>\n spp exposures were reported to US poison centers. Exposures occurred with higher frequency in warm-weather states and during summer months. Almost half the cases were managed outside a healthcare facility (48.6%). Hospital admission was required for 10.0% of exposures. The most common therapies received were wound care (43.7%) and benzodiazepines (18.6%). Antivenom was administered in 3.4% (n=521) of exposures.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n Poison center data indicate that most black widow spider exposures result in minor consequences. Supportive care is the primary approach for black widow spider bites. Although antivenom use is infrequent, providers may seek administration guidance from toxicologists through local poison centers. This study underscores the pivotal role of poison centers in mitigating unnecessary healthcare visits and subsequent hospitalizations.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/10806032241300134","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,13]],"date-time":"2024-12-13T09:22:06Z","timestamp":1734081726000},"page":"154-158","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Black Widow Spider Exposures: A Retrospective Review of the National Poison Data System 2012\u20132022"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Abigail F.","family":"Kerns","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Medical Toxicology, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-0076-578X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emily T.","family":"Scheffel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Medical Toxicology, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rita","family":"Farah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Medical Toxicology, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christopher P.","family":"Holstege","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Medical Toxicology, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jen.2014.01.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","first-page":"1540","volume-title":"Goldfrank\u2019s Toxicologic Emergencies","author":"Repplinger DT","year":"2019","unstructured":"Repplinger DT, Hahn IH. Arthropods. In: Nelson LS, Howland MA, Lewin NA, Smith SW, Goldfrank LR, Hoffman RS, Eds. Goldfrank\u2019s Toxicologic Emergencies. 11th ed. McGraw Hill\/Medical; 2019:1540-1566.","edition":"11"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ctsap.2006.10.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2019.02.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7812\/TPP\/10-136"},{"issue":"08","key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","article-title":"Reversible myocarditis after spider bite","volume":"2013","author":"Kara H","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kara H, Ak A, Bayir A, Avci A. Reversible myocarditis after spider bite. Case Rep. 2013;2013(apr08 1):bcr2013008957-bcr2013008957.","journal-title":"Case Rep"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/15563658308990435"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0644(05)81021-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","unstructured":"American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Drug Shortage Detail: Antivenin Latrodectus Mactans (Black Widow Spider Antivenin). Accessed May 18 2024. https:\/\/www.ashp.org\/Drug-Shortages\/Current-Shortages\/Drug-Shortage-Detail.aspx"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","unstructured":"US Food and Drug Administration. Black Widow Spider Antivenin (Equine). Published online April 16 2019. Accessed June 4 2024. https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/vaccines-blood-biologics\/approved-blood-products\/black-widow-spider-antivenin-equine"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2011.03.017"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13181-011-0183-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15563650.2023.2268981"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","first-page":"229","article-title":"Black widow bites in children","volume":"101","author":"Gonzalez F","year":"2001","unstructured":"Gonzalez F. Black widow bites in children. J Am Osteopath Assoc. 2001;101(4):229-231.","journal-title":"J Am Osteopath Assoc"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxcx.2022.100135"}],"container-title":["Wilderness & Environmental Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/10806032241300134","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/10806032241300134","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/10806032241300134","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T02:32:08Z","timestamp":1777689128000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/10806032241300134"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,13]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/10806032241300134"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/10806032241300134","relation":{},"ISSN":["1080-6032","1545-1534"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1080-6032","type":"print"},{"value":"1545-1534","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,13]]}}}