{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,12]],"date-time":"2026-11-12T14:26:03Z","timestamp":1794493563498,"version":"4.9.1"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770681600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009898","name":"Defense Health Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FWH20230070E"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FWH20230070E"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009898","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Wilderness &amp; Environmental Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The United States Antarctic Program relies on a civilian-military partnership for medical evacuation (MEDEVAC). An attempt to comprehensively analyze US aeromedical evacuations from Antarctica, reconciling both civilian and Department of Defense records across multiple seasons, has not been described previously.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We retrospectively analyzed Antarctic MEDEVACs from 2015 to 2023 using United States Antarctic Program MEDEVAC records and Transportation Command Regulating and Command and Control Evacuation System (TRAC2ES) movement data. Deidentified aeromedical evacuation records involving a patient within\/from Antarctica or labeled \u201cOperation Deep Freeze\u201d were obtained from the TRAC2ES database. National Science Foundation records were extracted in person at the University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB). The authors extracted deidentified medical data, including medical history, diagnosis, medical treatments, destination, and enroute interventions. Datasets were reconciled using dates, origin\/destination, diagnosis category, and narratives.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sixty-nine TRAC2ES records and 93 UTMB records were included in the final analysis (n=162). Linkage identified 126 distinct movements: 36 cross-source matches, 33 TRAC2ES only, and 57 UTMB only. Patterns of MEDEVACs demonstrated austral-summer clustering with limited winter-over activity. The most common indication was musculoskeletal conditions (35 records), followed by gastrointestinal (18), genitourinary\/reproductive (16), cardiac (15), neurologic (12), and respiratory (11) categories.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study suggests that the National Science Foundation, Department of Defense, and UTMB work cooperatively to transport patients with a wide variety of medical pathologies out of Antarctica. Dual-source reconciliation improves visibility across the evacuation continuum. Findings align with experience with disease nonbattle injuries in austere environments.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/10806032261417951","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T18:41:38Z","timestamp":1770748898000},"page":"447-455","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["United States Aeromedical Evacuations from Antarctica from 2015 to 2023: A Retrospective Analysis of Military and Civilian Data"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"37","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7742-749X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Craig D.","family":"Nowadly","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Brooke Army Medical Center"},{"name":"59th Medical Wing"},{"name":"Department of Military and Emergency Medicine, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jay","family":"Rathod","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brooke Army Medical Center"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"O\u2019Conor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brooke Army Medical Center"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hayley N.","family":"Brawley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"59th Medical Wing"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brit J.","family":"Long","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Virginia School of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-3482-0045","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David S.","family":"Ediger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brooke Army Medical Center"},{"name":"Department of Military and Emergency Medicine, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shelia C.","family":"Savell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"59th Medical Wing"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"McKeith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Texas Medical Branch"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","unstructured":"National Science Foundation. Science on the Ice: The United States Antarctic Program. 5th Edition. Published online 2022. https:\/\/nsf-gov-resources.nsf.gov\/files\/NSF-Science-on-the-Ice-fifth-edition.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","volume-title":"Operation Deep Freeze: 50 Years of US Air Force Airlift in Antarctica, 1956\u20132006","author":"Wallwork ED","year":"2006","unstructured":"Wallwork ED, Wilcoxson KA. Operation Deep Freeze: 50 Years of US Air Force Airlift in Antarctica, 1956\u20132006. Office of History, Air Mobility Command; 2006."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wem.2015.11.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","first-page":"41","article-title":"Antarctic evacuation: a retrospective epidemiological study of medical evacuations on US military aircraft in Antarctica","volume":"23","author":"Brown SP","year":"2023","unstructured":"Brown SP, Mongold SM, Powell TL, Goss SE, Schauer SG. Antarctic evacuation: a retrospective epidemiological study of medical evacuations on US military aircraft in Antarctica. Med J (Ft Sam Houst Tex). 2023;(Per 23\u20131\/2\/3):41\u201046.","journal-title":"Med J (Ft Sam Houst Tex)"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amj.2008.07.009"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","first-page":"37","article-title":"Mass casualty incident response and aeromedical evacuation in Antarctica","volume":"12","author":"Mills CN","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mills CN, Mills GH. Mass casualty incident response and aeromedical evacuation in Antarctica. West J Emerg Med. 2011;12(1):37\u201042.","journal-title":"West J Emerg Med"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","unstructured":"Office of Polar Programs. Physical Qualification (PQ) Guidelines. Published online March 2025. https:\/\/nsf-gov-resources.nsf.gov\/files\/PQ-Guidelines-Current-13-March-2025.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","unstructured":"Medical Clearance Process for Deployment to Antarctica. 45 C.F.R. Part 675.; 1997. Accessed December 20 2025. https:\/\/www.ecfr.gov\/current\/title-45\/part-675"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/tmj.2012.0111"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3402\/ijch.v72i0.20175"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/22423982.2019.1611327"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/usaa490"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13167-016-0060-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1580\/06-WEME-CR-017R2.1"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","first-page":"694","article-title":"Defibrillation and thrombolysis following a myocardial infarct in Antarctica","volume":"73","author":"Ogle JW","year":"2002","unstructured":"Ogle JW, Dunckel GN. Defibrillation and thrombolysis following a myocardial infarct in Antarctica. Aviat Space Environ Med. 2002;73(7):694\u2010698.","journal-title":"Aviat Space Environ Med"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/22423982.2023.2196047"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.55460\/4SI5-9IRH"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actaastro.2024.08.038"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/usae033"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/usac413"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2023.05.003"}],"container-title":["Wilderness &amp; Environmental Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/10806032261417951","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/10806032261417951","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/10806032261417951","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,12]],"date-time":"2026-11-12T13:48:52Z","timestamp":1794491332000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/10806032261417951"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/10806032261417951"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/10806032261417951","relation":{},"ISSN":["1080-6032","1545-1534"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1080-6032","type":"print"},{"value":"1545-1534","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]]}}}