{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T17:38:27Z","timestamp":1792604307389,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792368000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Wilderness &amp; Environmental Medicine"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Drowning is a major public health problem and ranks among the leading causes of death worldwide, especially in low- and middle-income countries. Surfers may play a relevant role as informal aquatic rescuers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To assess the potential of surfers to act as aquatic rescuers by analyzing their knowledge of rescue and first aid in Brazilian coastal environments.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This cross-sectional study included 171 surfers over 18 years of age, of both sexes, recruited by convenience through an electronic questionnaire. Participants who self-reported autonomy to paddle beyond the breaking zone and catch waves without assistance were included. The instrument comprised sociodemographic data, surfing experience, risk perception, knowledge of sea conditions, first-aid training, and history of rescues. Cluster analysis using the K-means algorithm was employed to group participants based on variables related to experience, risk perception, and technical knowledge, identifying homogeneous profiles regarding their potential for rescue activities.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Two distinct clusters were identified. Cluster 1 showed lower experience, less formal qualification, and less previous involvement in rescues. Cluster 2 comprised older surfers (43\u2009\u00b1\u20099 years), with longer surfing experience, predominantly male (79%), advanced technical level, professional involvement with surfing, first-aid training, and a higher frequency of rescues performed (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Surfers with greater experience, higher technical level, and first-aid training show greater potential to act as informal aquatic rescuers. A substantial proportion of participants lack formal training, underscoring the need for structured training strategies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/10806032261491284","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T15:20:58Z","timestamp":1792423258000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Indicators of Surfers as Aquatic Rescuers in Coastal Environments in Brazil: Profile and Potential Based on Cluster Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-6540-0637","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matheus Novaes","family":"De Souza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade S\u00e3o Judas Tadeu"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1595-1880","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vanderlei Carneiro","family":"Da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade S\u00e3o Judas Tadeu"},{"name":"Movement Study Laboratory, Institute of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Hospital das Cl\u00ednicas, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9964-2115","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro Miguel Carri\u00e7o","family":"De Seixas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Surfing Medicine International (SMI)"},{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, Escola Superior de Saude Atlantica, Oeiras, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4723-6099","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisa Harumi","family":"Kozasa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein"},{"name":"Personal Boards, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2235-3512","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Priscila Larcher","family":"Longo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade S\u00e3o Judas Tadeu"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4897-7657","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guilherme Vieira","family":"Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Surfing Medicine International (SMI)"},{"name":"Personal Boards, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"},{"name":"Faculdade de Medicina do ABC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0182-4581","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Maria","family":"Montiel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade S\u00e3o Judas Tadeu"},{"name":"Graduate Program in Educa\u00e7\u00e3o F\u00edsica, Universidade S\u00e3o Judas Tadeu, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0403-0632","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guilherme Carlos","family":"Brech","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade S\u00e3o Judas Tadeu"},{"name":"Movement Study Laboratory, Institute of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Hospital das Cl\u00ednicas, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"},{"name":"Personal Boards, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"},{"name":"Graduate Program in Educa\u00e7\u00e3o F\u00edsica, Universidade S\u00e3o Judas Tadeu, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/1413-785220253304e290579"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/1413-785220253304e290571"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18020450"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckae144.1792"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0285928"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0262175"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0246034"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2015.05.017"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-023-17057-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e16032"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","unstructured":"WHO. 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