{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,26]],"date-time":"2026-07-26T23:59:15Z","timestamp":1785110355259,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773705600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To compare vitreous and serum concentrations of interleukin (IL-1\u03b2) and interleukin-33 (IL-33) between eyes with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) and nondiabetic surgical controls, and to explore associations between cytokine levels and clinical characteristics.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Eighty-four eyes of 84 consecutive patients were prospectively enrolled: 42 eyes with PDR undergoing pars plana vitrectomy for vitreous hemorrhage or tractional retinal detachment and 42 nondiabetic controls undergoing vitrectomy for idiopathic epiretinal membrane. Undiluted vitreous and paired venous blood samples were collected perioperatively. IL-1\u03b2 and IL-33 levels were quantified by ELISA.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Both vitreous and serum cytokine levels were significantly higher in PDR than in controls. Median vitreous IL-1\u03b2 and IL-33 concentrations were 18.85 and 43.76 pg\/mL in PDR versus 11.74 and 35.36 pg\/mL in controls (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.003 and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001). The median serum IL-1\u03b2 and IL-33 levels were 25.87 and 49.27 pg\/mL in PDR compared with 20.73 and 34.09 pg\/mL in controls (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.009 and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001). Serum concentrations exceeded vitreous levels across groups. Within the PDR cohort, vitreous and serum levels were correlated for IL-1\u03b2 (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">r<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.51,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001) and IL-33 (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">r<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.39,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.012). Duration of diabetic retinopathy showed a mild negative correlation with serum IL-1\u03b2 (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">r<\/jats:italic>\n                      = \u22120.32,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.037).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>PDR is characterized by concomitant intraocular and systemic upregulation of IL-1\u03b2 and IL-33, with serum levels consistently exceeding vitreous concentrations and showing partial correlation between compartments. These findings support an IL-1\u2013IL-33\u2013associated inflammatory signature that spans both retinal and systemic levels and highlight IL-1\u03b2 and IL-33 as potential biomarkers or candidate mediators in advanced PDR.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/10807683261433766","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T10:51:57Z","timestamp":1773744717000},"page":"451-457","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Vitreous and Serum Levels of IL-1\u03b2 and IL-33 in Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy: Evaluation of Local Versus Systemic Inflammatory Signatures"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"42","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1455-4931","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ekrem","family":"\u00c7elik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Olgun Eye Medical Center, Tekirda\u011f, Turkey."},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Tekirda\u011f Nam\u0131k Kemal University, Tekirda\u011f, Turkey."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evrim","family":"Polat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Istanbul Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatih","family":"G\u00fcven","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Maltepe University, Istanbul, Turkey."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahsen","family":"Y\u0131lmaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biochemistry, Tekirda\u011f Nam\u0131k Kemal University, Tekirda\u011f, Turkey."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aliye","family":"\u00c7elikkol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biochemistry, Tekirda\u011f Nam\u0131k Kemal University, Tekirda\u011f, Turkey."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sava\u015f","family":"G\u00fczel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biochemistry, Tekirda\u011f Nam\u0131k Kemal University, Tekirda\u011f, 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