{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T11:02:37Z","timestamp":1785150157255,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,5]],"date-time":"2026-04-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775347200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Atropine is an important medicine for myopia control in clinical practice, yet individual therapeutic responses vary widely, potentially due to differences in metabolic processes. Atropinesterase (AE), the enzyme catalyzing atropine hydrolysis, may critically influence its bioavailability and efficacy. This study investigated the role of AE in intraocular atropine metabolism.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In total, 28 New Zealand White rabbits were screened for plasma AE activity using high-performance liquid chromatography\u2013tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS\/MS). From these, 14 rabbits [7 AE-positive (AE+) and 7 AE-negative (AE\u2212)] were selected for the drug administration study. A single 50-\u03bcL dose of 1% atropine sulfate was administered topically to the right conjunctival sac of each animal. Then 24 h post-administration, ocular tissues (including cornea, iris, retina, choroid, aqueous humor, vitreous, and anterior\/posterior sclera) were collected. Tissue atropine concentrations were quantified by validated HPLC-MS\/MS methods. For statistical analysis, tissue-specific atropine distributions were evaluated using generalized linear mixed-effects models.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Briefly, 35.71% of rabbits were identified as AE+. AE activity significantly reduced atropine levels in aqueous humor (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.001), iris (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.030), choroid (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.031), and vitreous (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.001) in AE+ rabbits than in AE\u2212 rabbits. In both AE\u2212 and AE+ eyes, the top 3 atropine-concentrated tissues were anterior sclera, cornea, and posterior sclera.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>AE markedly accelerates intraocular atropine metabolism, leading to significant concentration disparities across ocular tissues. The metabolic principle revealed in rabbits\u2014that higher enzymatic activity limits drug availability\u2014likely applies to humans and offers a new perspective on interindividual efficacy variations of atropine in myopic children.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/10807683261438984","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T01:55:19Z","timestamp":1775440519000},"page":"443-450","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Study on the Effect of Atropinesterase on Intraocular Atropine Metabolism"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"Tian","family":"Han","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Eye and ENT Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China."},{"name":"NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia and Related Eye Diseases, Fudan University, Shanghai, China."},{"name":"Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry Shanghai, Shanghai, China."},{"name":"Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Laser and Autostereoscopic 3D for Vision Care (20DZ2255000), Shanghai, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7354-7854","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuliang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Eye and ENT Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China."},{"name":"NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia and Related Eye Diseases, Fudan University, Shanghai, China."},{"name":"Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry Shanghai, Shanghai, China."},{"name":"Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Laser and Autostereoscopic 3D for Vision Care (20DZ2255000), Shanghai, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoliao","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Eye and ENT Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China."},{"name":"NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia and Related Eye Diseases, Fudan University, Shanghai, China."},{"name":"Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry Shanghai, Shanghai, China."},{"name":"Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Laser and Autostereoscopic 3D for Vision Care (20DZ2255000), Shanghai, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taomin","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xingtao","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Eye and ENT Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China."},{"name":"NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia and Related Eye Diseases, Fudan University, Shanghai, China."},{"name":"Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry Shanghai, Shanghai, China."},{"name":"Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Laser and Autostereoscopic 3D for Vision Care (20DZ2255000), Shanghai, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.62.5.2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aopr.2024.06.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2018.05.029"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2022.24162"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1208\/s12248-025-01052-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0954-6820.1950.tb09609.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.167.3915.200"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13659-022-00357-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clae.2024.102317"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_3_3_11_1","first-page":"1069","article-title":"Two-year add-on effect of using low concentration atropine in poor responders of orthokeratology in myopic children","volume":"106","author":"Chen Z","year":"2022","unstructured":"10.Chen Z, , Zhou J, , Xue F, et al. Two-year add-on effect of using low concentration atropine in poor responders of orthokeratology in myopic children. Br J Ophthalmol 2022;106(8):1069\u20131072.","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-024-02987-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines8040078"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2025.1509196"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.61.13.25"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02713683.2021.2009515"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.64.6.4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2009.12.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29092140"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00210-006-0054-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/IJO.IJO_3107_24"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-5173(89)90030-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.13889"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11095-021-03135-4"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_3_25_1","first-page":"293","article-title":"Some observations concerning atropine esterase","volume":"21","author":"Szorady I","year":"1970","unstructured":"24.Szorady I, , Szemere G, , Magyarlaki A, et al. Some observations concerning atropine esterase. Acta Biol Acad Sci Hung 1970;21(3):293\u2013297.","journal-title":"Acta Biol Acad Sci Hung"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_3_26_1","first-page":"145","article-title":"The enzymatic activity of the organ tissues to hydrolyze atropine and its related compounds","volume":"17","author":"Otorii T","year":"1969","unstructured":"25.Otorii T. The enzymatic activity of the organ tissues to hydrolyze atropine and its related compounds. Acta Med Biol (Niigata) 1969;17(2):145\u2013171.","journal-title":"Acta Med Biol (Niigata)"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0211376"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_3_3_28_1","first-page":"671","article-title":"An explanation for the long duration of mydriatic effect of atropine in eye","volume":"15","author":"Salazar M","year":"1976","unstructured":"27.Salazar M, , Patil PN. An explanation for the long duration of mydriatic effect of atropine in eye. 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