{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T15:01:04Z","timestamp":1789916464881,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777334400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"St. Vincent\u2019s Hospital, Research Institute of Medical Science Foundation","award":["SVHR-2025-06"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SVHR-2025-06"]}]},{"name":"Daejon St. Mary\u2019s Hospital, Clinical Research Institute Grant","award":["CMCDJ-P-2025-003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMCDJ-P-2025-003"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of topically administered ganciclovir (GC) eye drops at varying concentrations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Fifteen New Zealand white rabbits were divided into 5 groups (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 3 per group): control (saline), 0.15%, 2%, 4%, and 8% GC eye drops. GC eye drops were applied to both eyes 4 times a day for 10 days. The concentration of GC in the aqueous humor was measured using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Ocular toxicity scores were graded using slit-lamp microscopy. Specular microscopy was performed after final instillation. Corneal tissues were analyzed for scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Intraocular pressure (IOP) was also measured.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The mean GC concentrations in aqueous humor were significantly increased in a dose-dependent manner: 0.15% (40.75 \u00b1 18.54 ng\/mL), 2% (287.66 \u00b1 114.67 ng\/mL), 4% (855.70 \u00b1 408.22 ng\/mL), and 8% (1916.85 \u00b1 985.97 ng\/mL) (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.004, K-W test). Total ocular surface toxicity scores rose with increasing concentrations, with the most pronounced toxicity observed in the 8% group. Specular microscopy and SEM showed no significant differences in endothelial cell density or morphology. TEM revealed increased cell vacuoles in the 8% group, though intercellular junctions remained intact. There were no significant differences in IOP values across all groups.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Topical GC achieved effective ocular penetration, reaching concentrations above the 50% inhibitory dose for cytomegalovirus replication at 2% or higher. Dose-dependent ocular surface toxicity was observed, particularly at higher concentrations. However, no structural or cellular damage to the corneal endothelium was detected.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/10807683261442474","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T07:20:04Z","timestamp":1777360804000},"page":"587-593","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Intracameral Concentration and Safety Profile of High Concentration Ganciclovir Eyedrop in a Rabbit Model"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"42","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8583-0331","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiyoung","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, College of Medicine, Daejeon St. Marys\u2019 Hospital, Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin A.","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, College of Medicine, St. Vincent\u2019s Hospital, Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09273948.2017.1394471"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2021.12.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2021.03.060"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2024.08.025"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2013-304625"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-023-02631-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0191850"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2020-317044"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2014.08.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13040778"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3851\/IMP2556"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09273948.2018.1486436"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11195811"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10384-019-00665-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)07683-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.09-5106"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2005.03.057"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1208\/s12248-010-9183-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.65.11.28"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.80.3.214"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0000000000000791"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0000000000002214"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12232755"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/10.Supplement_3.S490"},{"issue":"20","key":"e_1_3_3_26_1","first-page":"7399","article-title":"DNA polymerase beta mediates protection of mammalian cells against ganciclovir-induced cytotoxicity and DNA breakage","volume":"61","author":"Tomicic MT","year":"2001","unstructured":"25.Tomicic MT, , Thust R, , Sobol RW, et al. 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