{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T00:02:30Z","timestamp":1789776150191,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]],"date-time":"2026-05-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779753600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"Sydnexis, Inc."}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate the impact of altering common components of ophthalmic formulations, specifically pH and benzalkonium chloride (BAK), on efficacy and bioavailability of low-dose atropine compositions as measured by pupil dilation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Sixty Dutch Belted rabbits were screened for atropinesterase, and 20 were selected for functional testing with 0.02% atropine, 0.01% BAK, and pH 7. After a 7-day washout, 6 rabbits were randomized to group 1 (0.02% atropine, 0% BAK, H\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      O, pH 4) and 6 to group 2 (0.02% atropine, 0.01% BAK, D\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      O, pH 7). Rabbits received a single drop in each eye of the assigned treatment. Pupillometry was performed at baseline, and 30, 60, 120, 240, 360, 480, 600, and 720 min post-dose. After a 7-day washout, the rabbits received a single drop of the crossover treatment and repeated the same exam. Pupil diameters were averaged for both eyes and then averaged for the 6 rabbits at each time point, in group 1 and in group 2 for each treatment. Mean pupil diameters were also pooled for the same treatment. Change from baseline pupil diameter and standard deviations\/errors were calculated. Between-group differences were evaluated with a paired\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">t-<\/jats:italic>\n                      test.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Change from baseline pupil diameter demonstrated that the eyes treated with 0.02% atropine, 0% BAK, H\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      O, and pH 4 were statistically significantly smaller at all post-baseline time points compared to those treated with 0.02% atropine, 0.01% BAK, D\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      O, and pH 7.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Formulation, specifically the addition of BAK and near physiological pH, makes a profound difference to the efficacy of low-dose atropine eye drops.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/10807683261450043","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]],"date-time":"2026-05-26T14:24:14Z","timestamp":1779805454000},"page":"594-601","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effect of pH and Benzalkonium Chloride in Low-Dose Atropine on Pupil Dilation in Dutch Belted Rabbits"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"Tim","family":"Murphy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sydnexis, Inc., Del Mar, California."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Kirkeby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sydnexis, Inc., Del Mar, California."},{"name":"Scripps Health, San Diego, California."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda","family":"Gieschen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sydnexis, Inc., Del Mar, California."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Baker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sydnexis, Inc., Del Mar, California."},{"name":"Writeresource Inc., Carlsbad, California."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janet K.","family":"Cheetham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sydnexis, Inc., Del Mar, California."},{"name":"Celeris Consulting, Laguna Niguel, California, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sydnexis, Inc., Del Mar, California."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17425247.2021.1909568"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.120.3.268"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08164622.2021.1877533"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_3_5_1","first-page":"374","article-title":"Efficacy of atropine eye drops as therapy of progressive myopia in children: A systematic review","volume":"31","author":"Puspita I","year":"2024","unstructured":"4.Puspita I, , Rahmah MN, , Maharani RN, et al. 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