{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T22:26:33Z","timestamp":1793571993237,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783987200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783987200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      To evaluate whether vatinoxan, a peripherally selective alpha\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      -adrenoceptor antagonist, prevents the acute, medetomidine-associated ophthalmic changes in rats.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Adult male Wistar rats (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 9 in each group) were randomly allocated to receive subcutaneous medetomidine 0.4 mg\/kg and midazolam 2 mg\/kg (MM), MM with vatinoxan 8 mg\/kg (MM-V), or MM with regular insulin 1 IU\/kg (MM-I). Macroscopic photography (to assess globe position) and slit-lamp biomicroscopy were performed, and blood glucose (BG) concentration, intraocular pressure (IOP), and central corneal thickness (CCT) were measured at intervals until 50 min post-treatment. Surgical anesthesia was then induced, and aqueous humor glucose (AHG) concentration was measured prior to euthanasia.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In MM and MM-I, exophthalmos worsened over time (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.05) and compared to MM-V (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2264 0.04 for both). BG increased significantly over time (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001) only in MM, and AHG was significantly higher in MM than in MM-V and MM-I (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001). Lens clarity was decreased at 50 min in both MM (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.002) and MM-I (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.048), compared to MM-V. CCT was greater in MM-V than in MM at 50 min (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.02). Corneal clarity remained unchanged. IOP declined in all groups but remained significantly higher in MM-V 10 min versus 50 min post-treatment (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.02).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Vatinoxan prevented pathological exophthalmos, lens opacification, the acute decline in IOP, hyperglycemia, and increased AHG in rats sedated with medetomidine\u2013midazolam. Insulin similarly prevented hyperglycemia, but none of the ophthalmic changes. Acute alpha\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      -adrenoceptor agonist-mediated ophthalmic pathologies are independent from glycemic control.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/10807683261463884","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T09:25:43Z","timestamp":1784021143000},"page":"696-706","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Vatinoxan Prevents Medetomidine-Associated Exophthalmos and Increased Glucose Concentrations in Blood and Aqueous Humor in Rats"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"42","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7180-1660","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Minna P.","family":"Mustikka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily K.-M.","family":"Lindh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karoliina","family":"Alm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infra Helsinki One Health (HOH), Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna S.","family":"Meller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infra Helsinki One Health (HOH), Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pernilla E.S.","family":"Syrj\u00e4","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon A.","family":"Pot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmology Section, Equine Department, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Z\u00fcrich, Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marja R.","family":"Raekallio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Helsinki One Health (HOH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juhana","family":"Honkavaara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-822215-7.00007-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1991.52.04.585"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13028-024-00744-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.12824"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(25)22195-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000055692"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.1989.tb11932.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/153537020523001012"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci7020042"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00351773"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-4835(89)80045-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4835(86)90026-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0420.2006.00856.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2131\/jts.46.561"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_2_16_1","first-page":"175","article-title":"Susceptibility of rats to corneal lesions after injectable anesthesia","volume":"55","author":"Turner PV","year":"2005","unstructured":"15.Turner PV, , Albassam MA. 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