{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T12:20:29Z","timestamp":1777724429023,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,20]],"date-time":"2023-11-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1700438400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Office of Research and Development, Cooperative Studies Program","award":["Veterans Affairs Cooperative Studies Program #2012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Veterans Affairs Cooperative Studies Program #2012"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Investigative Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Affecting an estimated 88\u2009million Americans, prediabetes increases the risk for developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and independently, cardiovascular disease, retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy. Nevertheless, little is known about the use of metformin for diabetes prevention among patients in the Veterans Health Administration, the largest integrated healthcare system in the U.S. This is a retrospective observational cohort study of the proportion of Veterans with incident prediabetes who were prescribed metformin at the Veterans Health Administration from October 2010 to September 2019. Among 1,059,605 Veterans with incident prediabetes, 12,009 (1.1%) were prescribed metformin during an average 3.4\u2009years of observation after diagnosis. Metformin prescribing was marginally higher (1.6%) among those with body mass index (BMI) \u226535\u2009kg\/m\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    , age &lt;60\u2009years, HbA\n                    <jats:sub>1c<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u22656.0%, or those with a history of gestational diabetes, all subgroups at a higher risk for progression to T2DM. In a multivariable model, metformin was more likely to be prescribed for those with BMI \u226535\u2009kg\/m\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    incidence rate ratio [IRR] 2.6 [95% confidence intervals (CI): 2.1\u20133.3], female sex IRR, 2.4 [95% CI: 1.8\u20133.3], HbA\n                    <jats:sub>1c<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u22656% IRR, 1.93 [95% CI: 1.5\u20132.4], age &lt;60\u2009years IRR, 1.7 [95% CI: 1.3\u20132.3], hypertriglyceridemia IRR, 1.5 [95% CI: 1.2\u20131.9], hypertension IRR, 1.5 [95% CI: 1.1\u20132.1], Major Depressive Disorder IRR, 1.5 [95% CI: 1.1\u20132.0], or schizophrenia IRR, 2.1 [95% CI: 1.2\u20133.8]. Over 20% of Veterans with prediabetes attended a comprehensive structured lifestyle modification clinic or program. Among Veterans with prediabetes, metformin was prescribed to 1.1% overall, a proportion that marginally increased to 1.6% in the subset of individuals at highest risk for progression to T2DM.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/10815589231201141","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,5]],"date-time":"2023-09-05T08:12:17Z","timestamp":1693901537000},"page":"139-150","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Metformin prescription for U.S. veterans with prediabetes, 2010\u20132019"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"72","author":[{"given":"Barbara I","family":"Gulanski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Endocrinology, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Endocrinology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joseph L","family":"Goulet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Biomedical Informatics and Data Science, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA"},{"name":"Pain, Research, Informatics, Multi-morbidities and Education Center (PRIME), West Haven, CT, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Krishnan","family":"Radhakrishnan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Mental Health and Substance Use Policy Laboratory, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Rockville, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Ko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VA Cooperative Studies Program Clinical Epidemiology Research Center (CSP-CERC), VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuli","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Biomedical Informatics and Data Science, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA"},{"name":"VA Cooperative Studies Program Clinical Epidemiology Research Center (CSP-CERC), VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nallakkandi","family":"Rajeevan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Biomedical Informatics and Data Science, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA"},{"name":"VA Cooperative Studies Program Clinical Epidemiology Research Center (CSP-CERC), VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kyung Min","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VA Informatics and Computing Infrastructure, VA Salt Lake City Health Care System, Salt Lake City, UT, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kent","family":"Heberer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VA Palo Alto Cooperative Studies Program Coordinating Center, VA Palo Alto Heath Care System, CA, USA"},{"name":"Division of Endocrinology, Gerontology, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Endocrinology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julie A","family":"Lynch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VA Informatics and Computing Infrastructure, VA Salt Lake City Health Care System, Salt Lake City, UT, USA"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Epidemiology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elani","family":"Streja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Nephrology, Hypertension and Transplant, University of California-Irvine School of Medicine, Long Beach, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pradeep","family":"Mutalik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Biomedical Informatics and Data Science, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA"},{"name":"VA Cooperative Studies Program Clinical Epidemiology Research Center (CSP-CERC), VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kei-Hoi","family":"Cheung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Biomedical Informatics and Data Science, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA"},{"name":"VA Cooperative Studies Program Clinical Epidemiology Research Center (CSP-CERC), VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA"},{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Concato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA"},{"name":"Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mei-Chiung","family":"Shih","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VA Palo Alto Cooperative Studies Program Coordinating Center, VA Palo Alto Heath Care System, CA, USA"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jennifer S","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VA Palo Alto Cooperative Studies Program Coordinating Center, VA Palo Alto Heath Care System, CA, USA"},{"name":"Division of Endocrinology, Gerontology, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Endocrinology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mihaela","family":"Aslan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VA Cooperative Studies Program Clinical Epidemiology Research Center (CSP-CERC), VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-10815589231201141","volume-title":"Centers for disease control and prevention","author":"CDC Diabetes Report Card 2020"},{"key":"bibr2-10815589231201141","unstructured":"American Diabetes Association: Statistics about Diabetes. https:\/\/diabetes.org\/aboutdiabetes\/statistics\/about-diabetes (accessed 5 November 2023)."},{"key":"bibr3-10815589231201141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2017.10.001"},{"key":"bibr4-10815589231201141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc18-0524"},{"key":"bibr5-10815589231201141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjdrc-2019-001061"},{"key":"bibr6-10815589231201141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000278"},{"key":"bibr7-10815589231201141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.20.4.537"},{"key":"bibr8-10815589231201141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200105033441801"},{"key":"bibr9-10815589231201141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa012512"},{"key":"bibr10-10815589231201141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-017-4361-9"},{"key":"bibr11-10815589231201141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(15)00291-0"},{"key":"bibr12-10815589231201141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc16-1509"},{"key":"bibr13-10815589231201141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc13-1223"},{"key":"bibr14-10815589231201141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/L15-5136-2"},{"key":"bibr15-10815589231201141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-018-4724-z"},{"key":"bibr16-10815589231201141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S11","DOI":"10.2337\/dc10-S011","volume":"33","author":"American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"bibr17-10815589231201141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S11","DOI":"10.2337\/dc12-s011","volume":"35","author":"American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"bibr18-10815589231201141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S34","DOI":"10.2337\/dc21-S003","volume":"44","author":"American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"bibr19-10815589231201141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0203484"},{"key":"bibr20-10815589231201141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JGP.0b013e3181e56cdc"},{"key":"bibr21-10815589231201141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1682\/JRRD.2015.06.0104"},{"key":"bibr22-10815589231201141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.5111"},{"key":"bibr23-10815589231201141","unstructured":"MOVE! weight management program. U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. https:\/\/www.move.va.gov\/ (accessed 5 November 2023)."},{"key":"bibr24-10815589231201141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(14)70267-0"},{"key":"bibr25-10815589231201141","first-page":"1","volume":"45","author":"van Buuren S G-OK","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Statist Softw"},{"key":"bibr26-10815589231201141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1996.10476908"},{"key":"bibr27-10815589231201141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/M14-1773"},{"key":"bibr28-10815589231201141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.japh.2017.04.008"},{"key":"bibr29-10815589231201141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)61457-4"},{"key":"bibr30-10815589231201141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc11-1299"},{"key":"bibr31-10815589231201141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S34","DOI":"10.2337\/dc21-S003","volume":"44","author":"American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"bibr32-10815589231201141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2018.04.038"},{"key":"bibr33-10815589231201141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2008-0772"},{"key":"bibr34-10815589231201141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc07-9920"},{"key":"bibr35-10815589231201141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.whi.2017.06.001"},{"issue":"6","key":"bibr36-10815589231201141","first-page":"257","volume":"167","author":"Stirling DL","year":"2015","journal-title":"J La State Med Soc"},{"key":"bibr37-10815589231201141","unstructured":"FDA. FDA revises warnings regarding use of the diabetes medicine metformin in certain patients with reduced kidney function. Silver Spring: FDA, 2016."},{"key":"bibr38-10815589231201141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2015-3754"},{"key":"bibr39-10815589231201141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002967.pub3"},{"key":"bibr40-10815589231201141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)17018-9"},{"key":"bibr41-10815589231201141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.g4485"},{"key":"bibr42-10815589231201141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-019-05245-7"},{"key":"bibr43-10815589231201141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3122\/jabfm.2019.04.180375"},{"key":"bibr44-10815589231201141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3122\/jabfm.2016.06.160138"},{"key":"bibr45-10815589231201141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.363.6431.1026"},{"key":"bibr46-10815589231201141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3122\/jabfm.2019.04.190114"},{"key":"bibr47-10815589231201141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.121.056756"},{"key":"bibr48-10815589231201141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/M15-2345"},{"key":"bibr49-10815589231201141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2032183"},{"key":"bibr50-10815589231201141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-019-04994-9"},{"key":"bibr51-10815589231201141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-018-1090-5"},{"key":"bibr52-10815589231201141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.4332"},{"key":"bibr53-10815589231201141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13012-015-0250-0"},{"key":"bibr54-10815589231201141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-019-05238-6"}],"container-title":["Journal of Investigative Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/10815589231201141","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/10815589231201141","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/10815589231201141","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T10:39:55Z","timestamp":1777459195000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/10815589231201141"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,20]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/10815589231201141"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/10815589231201141","relation":{},"ISSN":["1081-5589","1708-8267"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1081-5589","type":"print"},{"value":"1708-8267","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,20]]}}}