{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T23:37:29Z","timestamp":1792453049139,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,9]],"date-time":"2024-01-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704758400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Investigative Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Chamomile ( Matricaria chamomilla) is a plant with known antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic properties. Homeopathic drops containing chamomile extract are often used for ear pain and chronic ear infections. We aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial effect of over-the-counter eardrops containing chamomile against organisms causing bacterial conjunctivitis and otitis externa. Liquid cultures of Streptococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were exposed to increasing concentrations of eardrops containing chamomile extract. Liquid cultures of S. aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae were exposed to increasing concentrations of chamomile eye drops for 5, 10, 15, and 45\u2009min. Colony forming units (CFUs) were assessed after 18\u2009h. Viability assays for these organisms were performed using the resazurin microdilution assay. We observed a reduction in the number of P. aeruginosa CFUs when the bacteria were exposed to any of the three concentrations of the chamomile drops as early as 5\u2009min, with maximal reduction upon exposure to the 30% concentration at 45\u2009min. Reduction in S. aureus CFUs, on the other hand, was observed for all three concentrations as maximal in the 5\u2009min of exposure. We observed a marked reduction in the number of S. aureus CFUs upon exposure to any of the three preparations of chamomile-containing eye drops, which was almost immediate at 10% concentration. Streptococcus pneumoniae reduction happened at 5\u2009min and continued through the 45-min observation period for all three concentrations. Our findings suggest that over-the-counter ear drops containing chamomile extract could potentially be used as a non-prescription treatment for mild cases of otitis externa and bacterial conjunctivitis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/10815589231223201","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,23]],"date-time":"2023-12-23T23:12:05Z","timestamp":1703373125000},"page":"305-311","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Antimicrobial effect of chamomile-containing over-the-counter ear and eye drops"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"72","author":[{"given":"Soroush","family":"Farsi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shahrukh","family":"Chaudhry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua","family":"Gardner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Morgan","family":"Ogwo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brendon","family":"Ofori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mehrdad","family":"Hosseini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorge","family":"Cervantes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kiran C. Patel College of Allopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-10815589231223201","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.19082\/3024"},{"key":"bibr2-10815589231223201","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.280.18.1569"},{"issue":"343","key":"bibr3-10815589231223201","first-page":"1","volume":"2004","author":"Barnes PM","journal-title":"Adv Data"},{"key":"bibr4-10815589231223201","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/55.1.M4"},{"key":"bibr5-10815589231223201","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.1900"},{"key":"bibr6-10815589231223201","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2014.08.023"},{"key":"bibr7-10815589231223201","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0973-7847.79103"},{"key":"bibr8-10815589231223201","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24234321"},{"key":"bibr9-10815589231223201","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MAJ.0b013e3181637417"},{"key":"bibr10-10815589231223201","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.280318"},{"key":"bibr11-10815589231223201","unstructured":"Velasco Garcia W. Evaluaci\u00f3n del potencial antimicrobiano de extractos de plantas frente a microorganismos asociados a conjuntivitis bacterianas. Universidad de La Salle, 2018."},{"key":"bibr12-10815589231223201","volume-title":"Primer congreso virtual de ciencias basicas biomedicas en Granma","author":"Santiesteban Puerta S","year":"2020"},{"key":"bibr13-10815589231223201","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2017.06.031"},{"key":"bibr14-10815589231223201","volume-title":"Otitis externa","author":"Medina-Blasini Y","year":"2023"},{"key":"bibr15-10815589231223201","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10529-016-2079-2"},{"key":"bibr16-10815589231223201","first-page":"479","volume":"12","author":"El Mihyaoui A","year":"2022","journal-title":"Life (Basel)"},{"key":"bibr17-10815589231223201","volume-title":"Repositoryceseduco","author":"Cardenas Bonilla Y","year":"2021"},{"key":"bibr18-10815589231223201","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/1983-084X\/12_159"},{"key":"bibr19-10815589231223201","unstructured":"Moreno Olarte M, Nunez Gabriel G. Efecto antibacteriano del extracto hidroalcoh\u00f3lico de las flores de manzanilla (\n                      Matricaria chamomilla\n                      ) frente a cepas de\n                      Streptococcus pyogenes\n                      ATTC 19615, in vitro. Universidad Inca Garcilaso de la Vega, 2018."},{"key":"bibr20-10815589231223201","unstructured":"Castillo Ponce Y, Leal Vera C. Antibacterial effect on vitro of the ethanolic extract of\n                      Matricaria chamomilla\n                      (chamomile) on\n                      Staphylococcus aureus\n                      . Peru, 2020. Universidad Cat\u00f3lica."},{"key":"bibr21-10815589231223201","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens4010111"},{"key":"bibr22-10815589231223201","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00057-11"},{"key":"bibr23-10815589231223201","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00129492-200411000-00015"},{"key":"bibr24-10815589231223201","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9061124"},{"key":"bibr25-10815589231223201","volume":"10","author":"Olivares E","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"bibr26-10815589231223201","first-page":"127","volume":"65","author":"Subiza J","year":"1990","journal-title":"Ann Allergy"}],"container-title":["Journal of Investigative Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/10815589231223201","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/10815589231223201","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/10815589231223201","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T10:40:00Z","timestamp":1777459200000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/10815589231223201"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,9]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/10815589231223201"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/10815589231223201","relation":{},"ISSN":["1081-5589","1708-8267"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1081-5589","type":"print"},{"value":"1708-8267","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,9]]}}}