{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T12:18:24Z","timestamp":1777724304413,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771977600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Investigative Medicine"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Lyme disease (LD) is caused by a bacterial genospecies complex named\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato<\/jats:italic>\n                    (s.l.), which includes\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">B. burgdorferi sensu stricto<\/jats:italic>\n                    (B.b.s.s). Originally described in North America, LD has also been described in other parts of the Northern Hemisphere, and in Eurasia. Different B.b.s.l. species, transmitted through geographically diverse tick vectors, are associated with different clinical presentations of the disease. In recent years, the incidence and the endemic range of LD have steadily expanded to include areas of the world with tropical climate, including Latin American countries. Challenges in serological diagnosis. Inconsistent confirmatory results, despite clinical diagnosis, could be explained by antigenic differences between these new species in these countries, with American strains used in the elaboration of commercial tests. This could explain indeterminate Western blots and polymerase chain reactions in detecting suspected LD cases. Novel Borrelia taxons may impact the reservoir host spectrum, including mammals, birds, and other animals. Different species of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Ixodes<\/jats:italic>\n                    ticks are found in Latin America, where\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">I<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">scapularis<\/jats:italic>\n                    is absent, and they could serve as vectors. New genospecies of B.b.s.l. and the scarce information about its pathogenicity, reservoirs, and vectors, highlights the importance of further studies tp elucidate their genetic differences in the context of the development of innovative diagnostic and clinical approaches. Knowledge gaps and the need for prospective and rigorous studies, to determine the presence, or not, of LD in this region, warrant call for research providing new insights into the basic biology and epidemiology, and clinical manifestations in this region.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/10815589261429530","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T08:34:14Z","timestamp":1772008454000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A comprehensive review of Lyme disease in Latin America"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Mesa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Allopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Cooper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Allopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Menahil","family":"Fatima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Masters Program, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rita","family":"Armitano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jorge","family":"Cervantes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Allopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2025.102536"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2708.204763"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2020.00265"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/ijsem.0.001445"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.13266"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.1997.tb00222.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2016.0117"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biology13110897"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12020385"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","first-page":"158","article-title":"Borrelia Infection in Latin America","volume":"70","author":"Robles A","year":"2018","unstructured":"Robles A, Fong J, Cervantes J. 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