{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T07:14:03Z","timestamp":1782371643982,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]],"date-time":"2022-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659312000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Home Health Care Management &amp; Practice"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Workplace violence (WV) is a significant occupational hazard for home health care workers (HHCWs). HHCWs are frequently exposed to Type II (customer\/client) WV incidents but minimal evidence exists about exposure to Type III (coworker) WV and exposure to Type IV (personal relationship) WV is unknown. Furthermore, exposure to WV incidents is often underreported by HHCWs. The Haddon Matrix guided this research study. A cross- sectional research design was used with HHCWs (n\u2009=\u200950) working in Southwest Ohio in April 2020. HHCWs completed the Workplace Violence Reporting Survey, a 76-item tool used to estimate the frequency and reporting of WV incidents. Data were analyzed using frequencies, percentages, means, and standard deviations. HHCWs were 86% female (n\u2009=\u200943). Patients (28.3%) followed by their families (17.4%) and intimate partners (10.9%) are the primary aggressors of verbal abuse. The incident was too minor (6.5%), no action would be taken (6.5%), and it\u2019s part of the job (4.3%) are major reasons HHCWs underreported WV. Type II WV is most pervasive when the aggressor is the patient. HHCWs experience physical assault and sexual abuse in their work environment. HHCWs underreported verbal abuse and physical assault when the aggressor was an intimate partner.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/10848223221116144","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,2]],"date-time":"2022-08-02T02:47:32Z","timestamp":1659408452000},"page":"31-39","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Workplace Violence Prevalence and Reporting in Home Health Care: A Cross Sectional Survey"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7248-9093","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tamara F.","family":"Small","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0231-1123","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gordon L.","family":"Gillespie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott","family":"Hutton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterans Health Administration, Cincinnati, OH, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kermit G.","family":"Davis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolyn R.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","unstructured":"Occupational Outlook Handbook. Home health aides and personal care aides. U.S. Department of Labor; 2021. Accessed May 4 2021. https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/ooh\/healthcare\/home-health-aides-and-personal-care-aides.htm"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","unstructured":"Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. Medicare and home health care. CMS product No. 10969. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; 2020. Accessed November 5 2021. https:\/\/www.medicare.gov\/Pubs\/pdf\/10969-Medicare-and-Home-Health-Care.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.22652"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-014-1340-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/216507991306101004."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","unstructured":"National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Home health care workers. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2012\u201311. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; 2012. Accessed October 28 2018. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/niosh\/docs\/2012-118\/pdfs\/2012-118.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","unstructured":"American Nurses Association. American Nurses Association position statement on incivility bullying and workplace violence. American Nurses Association; 2015. Accessed November 1 2018. https:\/\/www.nursingworld.org\/~49d6e3\/globalassets\/practiceandpolicy\/nursing-excellence\/incivility-bullying-and-workplace-violence\u2013ana-position-statement.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","unstructured":"Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Guidelines for preventing workplace violence for healthcare and social service workers. OSHA 3148-06R 2016. U.S. Department of Labor; 2015. Accessed July 20 2018. https:\/\/www.osha.gov\/Publications\/osha3148.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","unstructured":"National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Occupational violence. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; 2018. Accessed October 14 2018. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/niosh\/topics\/violence\/default.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/WOR-152017"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","unstructured":"California Occupational Health and Safety. CAL\/OSHA guidelines for workplace security. California Department of Industrial Relations; 1995. Accessed January 19 2019. http:\/\/www.dir.ca.gov\/dosh\/dosh%5Fpublications\/worksecurity.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","unstructured":"The University of Iowa Injury Prevention Research Center. Workplace violence: a report to the nation. The University of Iowa; 2001. Accessed April 11 2019. https:\/\/iprc.public-health.uiowa.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/09\/workplace-violence-report-1.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.23095"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2018-105604"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/NHH.0b013e3181dbc07b"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1084822319831933"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2018.02.017"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","unstructured":"Haddon WJr. Advances in the epidemiology of injuries as a basis for public policy. Public Health Rep. 1980;95(5):411-421. Accessed November 10 2021. https:\/\/stacks.cdc.gov\/view\/cdc\/65681"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/NCQ.0000000000000172"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1076-8998.6.3.255"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2015-103031"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","unstructured":"The Joint Commission. Sentinel event alert 59: physical and verbal violence against healthcare workers. The Joint Commission; 2018. Accessed April 1 2019. https:\/\/www.jointcommission.org\/sea_issue_59\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/216507990605400903"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2017.02.018"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001786-200407000-00010"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/01612840903470609"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260506295387"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2165079920910758"}],"container-title":["Home Health Care Management &amp; Practice"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/10848223221116144","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/10848223221116144","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/10848223221116144","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T07:58:09Z","timestamp":1777449489000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/10848223221116144"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/10848223221116144"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/10848223221116144","relation":{},"ISSN":["1084-8223","1552-6739"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1084-8223","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-6739","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]}}}