{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]],"date-time":"2026-10-11T10:49:21Z","timestamp":1791715761774,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancer Biotherapy and Radiopharmaceuticals"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a highly prevalent malignant tumor globally, with low survival rates in advanced stages. Therefore, early diagnosis and precision therapy are pivotal to improving patient prognosis. Glypican-3 (GPC3) acts as a specific molecular target for HCC, which is highly expressed in 70%\u201385% of HCC tissues but undetectable in normal liver tissues, hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, and other pathological conditions. This stringent expression regulation renders it an ideal tumor-specific target.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Main Content:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Based on the biological properties of GPC3, various specific tumor imaging agents have been developed, covering multiple biomolecular types, including antibodies, peptides, and aptamers. This review systematically summarizes the research advances, application advantages, and existing challenges of three types of molecular imaging probes in the precise diagnosis and treatment of HCC. It focuses on the development strategies of these probes and evaluates their current limitations in light of key characterization parameters.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This review aims to provide new research ideas for the precision diagnosis of HCC and promote the translation of clinical applications.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/10849785261458595","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T05:59:46Z","timestamp":1782971986000},"page":"773-781","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Review of Glypican-3-Targeted Imaging Agents for Hepatocellular Carcinoma"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"41","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-4616-9051","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenye","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, P.R. China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-2886-3905","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liqin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, P.R. China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_3_2_2_1","first-page":"915","article-title":"Research progress of molecular targeted drugs in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"44","author":"Wang YM","year":"2023","unstructured":"1.Wang YM, , Li YL. Research progress of molecular targeted drugs in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Sun Yat-Sen Univ Med Sci 2023;44(6):915\u2013924.","journal-title":"J Sun Yat-Sen Univ Med Sci"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21834"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24054286"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_2_5_1","first-page":"13","article-title":"Application of GPC3 molecular target in diagnosis and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"48","author":"Liu YR","year":"2025","unstructured":"4.Liu YR, , Wang C, , Wang S, et al. Application of GPC3 molecular target in diagnosis and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Med Sci Yanbian Univ 2025;48(4):13\u201318.","journal-title":"J Med Sci Yanbian Univ"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2018.01.064"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/164_2023_641"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_3_2_8_1","first-page":"1143","article-title":"The value of autoantibodies in the diagnosis and prognosis of liver cancer","volume":"43","author":"Luo RR","year":"2021","unstructured":"7.Luo RR, , Shi YK, , Han XH. The value of autoantibodies in the diagnosis and prognosis of liver cancer. Zhonghua Zhong Liu Za Zhi 2021;43(11):1143\u20131147.","journal-title":"Zhonghua Zhong Liu Za Zhi"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v18.i23.2979"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics14101043"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s41181-025-00418-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MNM.0000000000001832"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31083\/j.fbl2907268"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers11091339"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines13071570"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_2_16_1","first-page":"113","article-title":"Imaging ligands targeting glypican-3 receptor expression in hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"12","author":"Grega SD","year":"2022","unstructured":"15.Grega SD, , Zheng DX, , Zheng QH. Imaging ligands targeting glypican-3 receptor expression in hepatocellular carcinoma. Am J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2022;12(4):113\u2013121.","journal-title":"Am J Nucl Med Mol Imaging"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/med.21455"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_3_2_18_1","first-page":"688","article-title":"20(S)-Ginsenoside Rh2 inhibits hepatocellular carcinoma by suppressing angiogenesis and the GPC3-mediated Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin signaling pathway","volume":"56","author":"Xu L","year":"2024","unstructured":"17.Xu L, , Li J, , Hou N, et al. 20(S)-Ginsenoside Rh2 inhibits hepatocellular carcinoma by suppressing angiogenesis and the GPC3-mediated Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin signaling pathway. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2024;56(5):688\u2013696.","journal-title":"Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai)"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-020-00990-3"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_3_2_20_1","first-page":"1565","article-title":"Glypican-3 binds to frizzled and plays a direct role in the stimulation of canonical Wnt signaling","volume":"127","author":"Capurro M","year":"2014","unstructured":"19.Capurro M, , Martin T, , Shi W, et al. Glypican-3 binds to frizzled and plays a direct role in the stimulation of canonical Wnt signaling. J Cell Sci 2014;127(Pt 7):1565\u20131575.","journal-title":"J Cell Sci"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb0708-761"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matbio.2013.12.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.259297"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/jca.39972"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.25891"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13550-018-0374-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-08-1973"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2008.11.033"},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_3_2_29_1","first-page":"7422","article-title":"Anti-GPC3 single-chain scFv antibody acts as an agent for radio-immunoimaging in diagnosing hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"11","author":"Guan LL","year":"2019","unstructured":"28.Guan LL, , Wu W, , Pang H, et al. Anti-GPC3 single-chain scFv antibody acts as an agent for radio-immunoimaging in diagnosing hepatocellular carcinoma. Am J Transl Res 2019;11(12):7422\u20137431.","journal-title":"Am J Transl Res"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2014.04.089"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.114.145102"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.122.265171"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2020-000548"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13163977"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13550-024-01134-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-82172-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-25-2587"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-022-05723-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_1","volume-title":"Development of novel molecular probes targeting GPC3 receptor in hepatocellular carcinoma and studies on fluorescence and PET imaging","author":"Wang Z","year":"2016","unstructured":"38.Wang Z. Development of novel molecular probes targeting GPC3 receptor in hepatocellular carcinoma and studies on fluorescence and PET imaging. Southern Medical University; 2016."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-017-2517-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11307-019-01356-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/cbr.2019.2888"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D0BM00943A"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.molpharmaceut.4c00838"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioorg.2024.107352"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00060"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsptsci.4c00504"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2021.679336"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.5c02081"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.123.266766"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.124.268147"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_2_52_1","first-page":"241022","article-title":"Novel GPC3-targeted radiopharmaceutical therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma and prostate cancer: Preclinical characterization in rodents and non-human primates","volume":"65","author":"Lin FC","year":"2024","unstructured":"51.Lin FC, , Clift R, , Salvador K, et al. Novel GPC3-targeted radiopharmaceutical therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma and prostate cancer: Preclinical characterization in rodents and non-human primates. J Nucl Med 2024;65(Suppl 2):241022.","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep10897"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21037\/qims.2018.01.09"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2018.09.013"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.1c00697"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D1MD00313E"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtbio.2024.101442"}],"container-title":["Cancer Biotherapy and Radiopharmaceuticals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/10849785261458595","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/10849785261458595","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/10849785261458595","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]],"date-time":"2026-10-11T10:19:58Z","timestamp":1791713998000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/10849785261458595"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/10849785261458595"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/10849785261458595","relation":{},"ISSN":["1084-9785","1557-8852"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1084-9785","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-8852","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]]}}}