{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T16:53:51Z","timestamp":1780505631935,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,12]],"date-time":"2011-12-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1323648000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Atten Disord"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective: Attention Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a commonly diagnosed childhood disorder associated with parent\u2014child conflict and parental stress. This investigation explored whether parents\u2019 interpretation of symptomatic behavior predicted negative interactions with and perceptions of their child. Method: We recruited parents of 7-12 year old children who were diagnosed with ADHD (n = 41), were diagnosed with ADHD but whose parents construed symptomatic behavior positively (Indigo children; n = 36), and had no diagnosis (n = 26). Parents completed a questionnaire about their experiences with their child. Results: Relative to parents who used only the ADHD label for children\u2019s behavior, parents who also perceived symptomatic behavior as a sign of positive characteristics reported less frequent negative experiences with their child and less intense negative emotions during those experiences. They also viewed their children as more self-efficacious and as more likely to have a positive future. Conclusion: Positive perceptions of child symptomatic behavior appeared to buffer the impact of ADHD symptoms on parents and parent-child relationships.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054711427401","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,13]],"date-time":"2011-12-13T02:01:21Z","timestamp":1323741681000},"page":"141-151","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Exasperating or Exceptional? Parents\u2019 Interpretations of Their Child\u2019s ADHD Behavior"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Heather C.","family":"Lench","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Texas A&M University, College Station, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda J.","family":"Levine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California, Irvine, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carol K.","family":"Whalen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California, Irvine, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1087054711427401","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.34.10.932"},{"key":"bibr2-1087054711427401","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.44.4.709"},{"key":"bibr3-1087054711427401","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"2000","edition":"4"},{"key":"bibr4-1087054711427401","volume-title":"An introduction to motivation","author":"Atkinson J. W.","year":"1964"},{"key":"bibr5-1087054711427401","volume-title":"Social learning theory","author":"Bandura A.","year":"1977"},{"key":"bibr6-1087054711427401","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00916692"},{"key":"bibr7-1087054711427401","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054706295656"},{"key":"bibr8-1087054711427401","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/13.2.265"},{"key":"bibr9-1087054711427401","volume-title":"The Indigo children: The new kids have arrived","author":"Carroll L.","year":"1999"},{"key":"bibr10-1087054711427401","first-page":"842","volume":"54","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2005","journal-title":"Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report"},{"key":"bibr11-1087054711427401","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-200405000-00009"},{"key":"bibr12-1087054711427401","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1129059"},{"key":"bibr13-1087054711427401","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.61.8.811"},{"key":"bibr14-1087054711427401","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0030360"},{"key":"bibr15-1087054711427401","first-page":"197","volume-title":"Human helplessness, theory and applications","author":"Dweck C. S.","year":"1980"},{"key":"bibr16-1087054711427401","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.47.5.944"},{"key":"bibr17-1087054711427401","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/10030-000"},{"key":"bibr18-1087054711427401","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01441632"},{"key":"bibr19-1087054711427401","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579403000208"},{"key":"bibr20-1087054711427401","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2010.02220.x"},{"key":"bibr21-1087054711427401","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09297040600806086"},{"key":"bibr22-1087054711427401","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S003329170600821X"},{"key":"bibr23-1087054711427401","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1014136029697"},{"key":"bibr24-1087054711427401","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1017592030434"},{"key":"bibr25-1087054711427401","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10567-005-6663-6"},{"key":"bibr26-1087054711427401","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199707000-00021"},{"key":"bibr27-1087054711427401","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02699930500203112"},{"key":"bibr28-1087054711427401","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0021-9029.2006.00137.x"},{"key":"bibr29-1087054711427401","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.51.1.86"},{"key":"bibr30-1087054711427401","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1363461505050715"},{"key":"bibr31-1087054711427401","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10935-004-0988-7"},{"key":"bibr32-1087054711427401","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-010-9403-4"},{"key":"bibr33-1087054711427401","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0035002"},{"key":"bibr34-1087054711427401","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0080159"},{"key":"bibr35-1087054711427401","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CHI.0b013e318160e3a0"},{"key":"bibr36-1087054711427401","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/10385-006"},{"key":"bibr37-1087054711427401","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579403000282"},{"key":"bibr38-1087054711427401","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.88.5.879"},{"key":"bibr39-1087054711427401","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.chi.0000192248.61271.c8"},{"key":"bibr40-1087054711427401","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10880-008-9140-9"},{"key":"bibr41-1087054711427401","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.179.4070.250"},{"key":"bibr42-1087054711427401","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.57.11.839"},{"key":"bibr43-1087054711427401","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1521\/jscp.2009.28.3.392"},{"key":"bibr44-1087054711427401","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1592\/phco.2005.25.7.909"},{"key":"bibr45-1087054711427401","first-page":"35","volume-title":"Measures in health psychology: A user\u2019s portfolio: Causal and control beliefs","author":"Schwarzer R.","year":"1995"},{"key":"bibr46-1087054711427401","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0265407509360899"},{"key":"bibr47-1087054711427401","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0265407509360909"},{"key":"bibr48-1087054711427401","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2009.0027"},{"key":"bibr49-1087054711427401","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-200102000-00011"},{"key":"bibr50-1087054711427401","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00917085"},{"key":"bibr51-1087054711427401","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.103.2.193"},{"key":"bibr52-1087054711427401","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.47.4.776"},{"key":"bibr53-1087054711427401","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/DBP.0b013e31819f1c15"},{"key":"bibr54-1087054711427401","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.39.5.806"},{"key":"bibr55-1087054711427401","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/jsn138"},{"key":"bibr56-1087054711427401","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-005-9008-5"},{"key":"bibr57-1087054711427401","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0023473"}],"container-title":["Journal of Attention Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1087054711427401","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/1087054711427401","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1087054711427401","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T19:29:38Z","timestamp":1777490978000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/1087054711427401"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,12]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/1087054711427401"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1087054711427401","relation":{},"ISSN":["1087-0547","1557-1246"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1087-0547","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-1246","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,12]]}}}