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Method: In 60 adult outpatients, with an ADHD diagnosis according to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.; DSM-IV) criteria and 60 age- and gender-matched controls, smoking habits were assessed with the FTND. Results: The authors replicated earlier findings in children confirming a higher rate of smokers in the ADHD group. The adult smokers with ADHD suffered from more severe nicotine dependence and smoked significantly more often when being sick. Females with ADHD smoked significantly more often and started smoking at an earlier age. Conclusion: Applying the FTND, the authors confirmed a high rate of highly dependent smokers among adult ADHD patients. The authors\u2019 findings point to a higher vulnerability for the development of nicotine dependence in women with ADHD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054711428739","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,27]],"date-time":"2012-01-27T20:42:08Z","timestamp":1327696928000},"page":"176-186","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["ADHD as a Serious Risk Factor for Early Smoking and Nicotine Dependence in Adulthood"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Swantje","family":"Matthies","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University Medical Centre Freiburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sebastian","family":"Holzner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Medical Centre Freiburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernd","family":"Feige","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Medical Centre Freiburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Corinna","family":"Scheel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, University of Freiburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evgeniy","family":"Perlov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Medical Centre Freiburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dieter","family":"Ebert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Medical Centre Freiburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ludger","family":"Tebartz van Elst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Medical Centre Freiburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Philipsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Medical Centre Freiburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1087054711428739","volume-title":"Mini-Internationales Neuropsychiatrisches Interview, MINI Plus","author":"Ackenheil M.","year":"1998"},{"key":"bibr2-1087054711428739","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"1994","edition":"4"},{"key":"bibr3-1087054711428739","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199902000-00016"},{"key":"bibr4-1087054711428739","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2010.03.009"},{"key":"bibr5-1087054711428739","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327752jpa6703_13"},{"key":"bibr6-1087054711428739","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199908000-00012"},{"key":"bibr7-1087054711428739","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.86.2.214"},{"key":"bibr8-1087054711428739","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.161.7.1211"},{"key":"bibr9-1087054711428739","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-7610.00743"},{"key":"bibr10-1087054711428739","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.116.2.249"},{"key":"bibr11-1087054711428739","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2009.12.024"},{"key":"bibr12-1087054711428739","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/108705479900300303"},{"key":"bibr13-1087054711428739","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14622200802443536"},{"key":"bibr14-1087054711428739","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8260.1977.tb00241.x"},{"key":"bibr15-1087054711428739","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.156.10.1515"},{"key":"bibr16-1087054711428739","first-page":"939","volume":"74","author":"Ebert D.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nervenarzt"},{"key":"bibr17-1087054711428739","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00846549"},{"key":"bibr18-1087054711428739","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2004.11.024"},{"key":"bibr19-1087054711428739","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1019864813776"},{"key":"bibr20-1087054711428739","volume-title":"Die Symptom-Checkliste von Derogatis [The Symptom checklist by Derogatis] (SCL-90-R)","author":"Franke G. 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