{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T07:46:03Z","timestamp":1792223163327,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,8]],"date-time":"2012-02-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1328659200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Atten Disord"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective: To examine the impact of reinforcement on reaction time (RT) and RT variability (RT standard deviation [RTSD]) in preschoolers with ADHD with and without oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), and a typically developing (TD) comparison group. Method: Participants were administered a computerized task consisting of two conditions: simple RT (SRT) and reinforced SRT (SRTr). Data were analyzed using two-way (Group \u00d7 Condition) mixed ANOVAs and followed-up using pairwise comparisons. Results: RTs were significantly shorter and less variable during the SRTr than the SRT condition. A significant Group x Condition interaction was observed for RTSD (F= 3.38, p &lt; .05); post hoc analyses indicated that the RTSD of the ADHD + ODD group was significantly more variable than that of the TD group during the SRT condition ( F = 4.81, p &lt; .05). However, their RTSD was statistically indistinguishable from the other groups during the SRTr condition. Conclusion: Preschoolers who are oppositional\/defiant and hyperactive are the most responsive to feedback\/reward.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054711432140","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,9]],"date-time":"2012-02-09T07:10:05Z","timestamp":1328771405000},"page":"608-619","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["ADHD Preschoolers With and Without ODD"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Chaya B.","family":"Gopin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Graduate Center, City University of New York, USA"},{"name":"North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System, Glen Oaks, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olga","family":"Berwid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Queens College, City University of New York, Flushing, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David J.","family":"Marks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Queens College, City University of New York, Flushing, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agnieska","family":"Mlodnicka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Graduate Center, City University of New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey M.","family":"Halperin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System, Glen Oaks, NY, USA"},{"name":"Queens College, City University of New York, Flushing, USA"},{"name":"Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1087054711432140","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","author":"American Psychological Association","year":"1994","edition":"4"},{"key":"bibr2-1087054711432140","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","author":"American Psychological Association","year":"2000","edition":"4"},{"key":"bibr3-1087054711432140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.58.6.775"},{"key":"bibr4-1087054711432140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2008.10.003"},{"key":"bibr5-1087054711432140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1781(90)90150-4"},{"key":"bibr6-1087054711432140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-006-0508-9"},{"key":"bibr7-1087054711432140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1995.tb01657.x"},{"key":"bibr8-1087054711432140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn896"},{"key":"bibr9-1087054711432140","volume-title":"Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences","author":"Cohen J.","year":"1988","edition":"2"},{"key":"bibr10-1087054711432140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2003.11.011"},{"key":"bibr11-1087054711432140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617707070270"},{"key":"bibr12-1087054711432140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-9457(02)00163-X"},{"key":"bibr13-1087054711432140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-036508-4.50018-7"},{"key":"bibr14-1087054711432140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2005.01476.x"},{"key":"bibr15-1087054711432140","volume-title":"ADHD Rating Scale IV: Checklists, norms, and clinical interpretation","author":"DuPaul G. 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