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Data extracted and selections made by one author were reviewed by another. Results: Fifteen articles presented odds ratios (ORs) for the development of ISU in individuals with ADHD controlling for CD\/ODD. In total, the study covered results for more than 1,000 individuals. The combined OR for studies that included in their analysis exclusively ISU was 1.35 (0.90-2.03), p = .15, heterogeneity = 55%. Lack of control for socioeconomic status was related with a weaker association between ADHD and ISU. Conclusion: The existing data do not indicate that ADHD increases the risk of ISU beyond the effects of CD\/ODD. However, the combination of all existing data is limited in power to detect a small increase in chance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054711435362","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,18]],"date-time":"2012-02-18T01:57:26Z","timestamp":1329530246000},"page":"459-469","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Is ADHD a Risk Factor Independent of Conduct Disorder for Illicit Substance Use? A Meta-Analysis and Metaregression Investigation"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Maria Antonia","family":"Serra-Pinheiro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evandro S. 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