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Method: In the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1986 ( n = 9,432), data about children were collected using questionnaires for parents and teachers at ages 7 and 8 and for parents and adolescents at ages 15\/16. Information on school performance was obtained from a national register. Results: The occurrence of SLDs at 8 years was 19.9% ( n = 1,198), ADHDs at 15\/16 years was 8.0% ( n = 530), and comorbid ADHDs and SLDs was 3.0% ( n = 179). Having ADHDs but not SLDs or having both was associated with a significantly lower mean value in school grades for theoretical subjects. Adolescents with comorbid ADHDs and SLDs repeated a grade more often, and their educational aspirations were less ambitious than those in other groups. Conclusion: ADHDs and SLDs have a negative influence on academic achievements.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054712446813","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,29]],"date-time":"2012-06-29T02:05:29Z","timestamp":1340935529000},"page":"61-72","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Association Between Childhood Specific Learning Difficulties and School Performance in Adolescents With And Without ADHD Symptoms"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Anja","family":"Taanila","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Box 5000, 90014 University of Oulu, Finland"},{"name":"Unit of General Practice, University Hospital of Oulu, Box 5000, 90014 University of Oulu, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanna","family":"Ebeling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Child Psychiatry, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marjo","family":"Tiihala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Box 5000, 90014 University of Oulu, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marika","family":"Kaakinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Box 5000, 90014 University of Oulu, Finland"},{"name":"Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irma","family":"Moilanen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Child Psychiatry, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tuula","family":"Hurtig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Box 5000, 90014 University of Oulu, Finland"},{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Child Psychiatry, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anneli","family":"Yliherva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Humanities, Logopedics, Box 1000, 90014 University of Oulu, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1087054712446813","first-page":"15","volume-title":"Asiakkaana erilainen oppija","author":"Ahonen T.","year":"1998"},{"key":"bibr2-1087054712446813","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2006-2089L"},{"key":"bibr3-1087054712446813","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"1994","edition":"4"},{"key":"bibr4-1087054712446813","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.54.5.317"},{"key":"bibr5-1087054712446813","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/154.10.895"},{"key":"bibr6-1087054712446813","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1348\/000709905X63768"},{"key":"bibr7-1087054712446813","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-4405(02)00100-0"},{"key":"bibr8-1087054712446813","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199708000-00009"},{"key":"bibr9-1087054712446813","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pec.2004.08.011"},{"key":"bibr10-1087054712446813","unstructured":"Carlson S. 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