{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T08:04:53Z","timestamp":1789459493210,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,3]],"date-time":"2012-08-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1343952000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Atten Disord"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>ADHD is the most common neurobehavioral disorder of childhood, presenting with pervasive and impairing symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, impulsivity, or a combination. The leading hypothesis of the underlying physiology of this disorder of inattention and\/or hyperactivity-impulsivity is based on catecholamine dysfunction. Pharmacotherapy research indicates that psychostimulants, which are catecholamine agonists, show the greatest efficacy for treating the core symptoms of ADHD. Exercise affects the same dopaminergic and noradrenergic systems that stimulant medications target and is a stressor, which elicits measurable physiological changes. The magnitude of these peripheral alterations is posited as a potential biomarker of ADHD. The hypothesis that exercise training alters the underlying physiology present in ADHD and other medical conditions as well as conceptual issues behind its potential clinical utility is reviewed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054712454192","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,4]],"date-time":"2012-08-04T01:59:13Z","timestamp":1344045553000},"page":"279-290","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":79,"title":["Exercise"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Sharon B.","family":"Wigal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California, Irvine, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natasha","family":"Emmerson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California, Irvine, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-G.","family":"Gehricke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California, Irvine, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pietro","family":"Galassetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California, Irvine, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1087054712454192","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"2000","edition":"4"},{"key":"bibr2-1087054712454192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db07-1329"},{"key":"bibr3-1087054712454192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-200009000-00022"},{"key":"bibr4-1087054712454192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00023210-200923000-00005"},{"key":"bibr5-1087054712454192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.03.010"},{"key":"bibr6-1087054712454192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.HCR.0000300262.69645.95"},{"key":"bibr7-1087054712454192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2010.06.023"},{"key":"bibr8-1087054712454192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhn013"},{"key":"bibr9-1087054712454192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.46.5.814"},{"key":"bibr10-1087054712454192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00400101"},{"key":"bibr11-1087054712454192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2006.01.002"},{"key":"bibr12-1087054712454192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(02)00314-8"},{"key":"bibr13-1087054712454192","first-page":"17","volume":"33","author":"Comacho R. C.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews"},{"key":"bibr14-1087054712454192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mop.0000126601.29787.39"},{"key":"bibr15-1087054712454192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2007.06.011"},{"key":"bibr16-1087054712454192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.2001.281.6.E1115"},{"key":"bibr17-1087054712454192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02701367.2007.10599450"},{"key":"bibr18-1087054712454192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0021766"},{"key":"bibr19-1087054712454192","first-page":"224","volume":"85","author":"Davis S. N.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"bibr20-1087054712454192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.19-07-02807.1999"},{"key":"bibr21-1087054712454192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Durston S., Konrad K. (2007). Integrating genetic, psychopharmacological and neuroimaging studies: A converging methods approach to understanding the neurobiology of ADHD. Developmental Review, 27, 374-395.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dr.2007.05.001"},{"key":"bibr22-1087054712454192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1781(91)90126-A"},{"key":"bibr23-1087054712454192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01072.2005"},{"key":"bibr24-1087054712454192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/JPEM.2006.19.6.777"},{"key":"bibr25-1087054712454192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.86.8.7720"},{"key":"bibr26-1087054712454192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.52.7.1761"},{"key":"bibr27-1087054712454192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/jsep.32.6.753"},{"key":"bibr28-1087054712454192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2010.03661.x"},{"key":"bibr29-1087054712454192","first-page":"58","volume":"9","author":"Hillman C. H.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"bibr30-1087054712454192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hillman C. H., Pontifex M. B., Raine L. B., Castelli D. M., Hall E. E., Kramer A. F. (2009). The effect of acute treadmill walking on cognitive control and academic achievement in preadolescent children. Neuroscience, 159, 1044-1054. Retrieved from http:\/\/sparkinglife.org\/page\/successful-school-fitness-models","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2009.01.057"},{"key":"bibr31-1087054712454192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2010.03.091"},{"key":"bibr32-1087054712454192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2006.11.005"},{"key":"bibr33-1087054712454192","first-page":"277","volume":"25","author":"Levy F.","year":"1991","journal-title":"Australian and New Zealand Journal"},{"key":"bibr34-1087054712454192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1614.2001.00923.x"},{"key":"bibr35-1087054712454192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12264-008-0402-1"},{"key":"bibr36-1087054712454192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/01.mss.0000235359.16685.a3"},{"key":"bibr37-1087054712454192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3181dc4571"},{"key":"bibr38-1087054712454192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12402-009-0018-y"},{"key":"bibr39-1087054712454192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-199520030-00004"},{"key":"bibr40-1087054712454192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.110.4.681"},{"key":"bibr41-1087054712454192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00589.2009"},{"key":"bibr42-1087054712454192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200029030-00003"},{"key":"bibr43-1087054712454192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470740668.ch11"},{"key":"bibr44-1087054712454192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2004.08.026"},{"key":"bibr45-1087054712454192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199603000-00006"},{"key":"bibr46-1087054712454192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JCP.0b013e318174f92a"},{"key":"bibr47-1087054712454192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200939060-00004"},{"key":"bibr48-1087054712454192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00031.2008"},{"key":"bibr49-1087054712454192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-5448.2010.00724.x"},{"key":"bibr50-1087054712454192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.53.7.1798"},{"key":"bibr51-1087054712454192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e3181dd089d"},{"key":"bibr52-1087054712454192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2281.2002.00409.x"},{"key":"bibr53-1087054712454192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00525.2009"},{"key":"bibr54-1087054712454192","first-page":"65","volume-title":"Treatment of childhood disorders","author":"Smith B. H.","year":"2006","edition":"3"},{"key":"bibr55-1087054712454192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-4328(01)00431-4"},{"key":"bibr56-1087054712454192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004210000257"},{"key":"bibr57-1087054712454192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.2001.281.3.C1001"},{"key":"bibr58-1087054712454192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yapd.2011.03.002"},{"key":"bibr59-1087054712454192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2009.07.013"},{"key":"bibr60-1087054712454192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/chi.0b013e3180686d7e"},{"key":"bibr61-1087054712454192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.chi.0000235075.25038.5a"},{"key":"bibr62-1087054712454192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-200202000-00004"},{"key":"bibr63-1087054712454192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10648-007-9057-0"},{"key":"bibr64-1087054712454192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2006.06.025"},{"key":"bibr65-1087054712454192","unstructured":"U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (2007a). FDA Asks Attention- Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Drug Manufacturers to Develop Patient Medication Guides. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.fda.gov\/drugs\/drugsafety\/postmarketdrugsafetyinformationforpatientsandproviders\/ucm107918.htm"},{"key":"bibr66-1087054712454192","unstructured":"U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (2007b). FDA Directs ADHD Drug Manufacturers to Notify Patients about Cardiovascular Adverse Events and Psychiatric Adverse Events. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.fda.gov\/bbs\/topics\/NEWS\/2007\/NEW01568.html"},{"key":"bibr67-1087054712454192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054710379735"},{"key":"bibr68-1087054712454192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/syn.10038"},{"key":"bibr69-1087054712454192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2010.97"},{"key":"bibr70-1087054712454192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1203\/01.PDR.0000061750.71168.23"},{"key":"bibr71-1087054712454192","first-page":"121","volume":"1","author":"Wigal S. B.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Advances in ADHD"},{"key":"bibr72-1087054712454192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054705286049"},{"key":"bibr73-1087054712454192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v65n1003"},{"key":"bibr74-1087054712454192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2006.11.003"},{"key":"bibr75-1087054712454192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00002018-200730010-00003"},{"key":"bibr76-1087054712454192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200838050-00004"}],"container-title":["Journal of Attention Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1087054712454192","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/1087054712454192","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1087054712454192","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T19:29:42Z","timestamp":1777490982000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/1087054712454192"}},"subtitle":["Applications to Childhood ADHD"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,3]]},"references-count":76,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/1087054712454192"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1087054712454192","relation":{},"ISSN":["1087-0547","1557-1246"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1087-0547","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-1246","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,3]]}}}