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The objective of this study was to explore differences in vocational, psychiatric, and social impairment, including crime and substance abuse, among adults with ADHD, treated or not, with CS drugs before age 18. Method: A clinical population of men ( N = 343) and women ( N = 129) seeking CS treatment as adults was assessed within a specific program for such treatment. Clinical information and data collected by structured instruments were available. Results: Previously CS-treated persons had a lower frequency of problems (alcohol\/substance abuse, criminality), and of certain psychiatric disorders (depressive, anxiety and personality ones). Most differences were substantial. Conclusion: The study supports the assumption that CS treatment during childhood\/adolescence offers some protection against the development of a range of problems known to characterize adult ADHD patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054715571740","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,20]],"date-time":"2015-03-20T23:33:32Z","timestamp":1426894412000},"page":"173-180","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Differences in Psychiatric Problems and Criminality Between Individuals Treated With Central Stimulants Before and After Adulthood"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Kirsten","family":"Rasmussen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"St. Olav\u2019s University Hospital, Forensic Research Unit, Br\u00f8set, Trondheim, Norway"},{"name":"Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Psychology, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tom","family":"Palmstierna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St. Olav\u2019s University Hospital, Forensic Research Unit, Br\u00f8set, Trondheim, Norway"},{"name":"Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sten","family":"Levander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Malm\u00f6 H\u00f6gskola, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1087054715571740","unstructured":"Amen D. 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