{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,3]],"date-time":"2026-05-03T04:00:07Z","timestamp":1777780807534,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,12]],"date-time":"2015-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1439337600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Atten Disord"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective: To describe psychotropic treatment pattern and evaluate the association of socio-demographic factors and psychotropic combination therapy in children with ADHD and oppositional defiant disorder\/conduct disorder (ODD\/CD). Method: This is a cross-sectional drug utilization study based on Medicaid fee-for-service programs in 26 U.S. states (1999-2006). Children aged 4 to 18 with concomitant ADHD and ODD\/CD were included. We calculated the prevalence of psychotropic drugs and used logistic regression to evaluate the role of socio-demographic factors in psychotropic combination therapy. Results: We identified 121,740 children with ADHD and ODD\/CD (140,777 person-years). The period prevalence of \u201cno psychotropic therapy,\u201d psychotropic monotherapy, and psychotropic dual therapy was 38.1%, 44.7%, and 9.0%, respectively. The most common drug class was stimulants. Whites, males, and children in foster care were more likely to use psychotropic combination therapy. State-level variation was observed. Conclusion: \u201cNo psychotropic therapy\u201d and stimulants dominate treatment choices in children with ADHD and ODD\/CD. Socio-demographic characteristics are associated with combination psychotropic therapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054715596574","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,12]],"date-time":"2015-08-12T20:38:59Z","timestamp":1439411939000},"page":"140-148","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Psychotropic Treatment Pattern in Medicaid Pediatric Patients With Concomitant ADHD and ODD\/CD"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Xinyue","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vaishali","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Kubilis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University 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